Tag: Linux

Linux

Install and Configure CrunchBang Linux on the Lenovo T410 Laptop

(20120629- This post has been amended to address changes in current versions of CrunchBang and GParted — iceflatline)

This post will describe how I installed and configured CrunchBang Linux for use on a Lenovo ThinkPad T410, the challenges that I encountered, and how those challenges were overcome.

CrunchBang is a Debian-based distribution featuring the light-weight Openbox window manager. The distribution is essentially a minimalistic Debian system customized to offer a good balance between speed and functionality. The Lenovo ThinkPad T410 that I purchased has the following specifications:

Windows 7 Professional (x64)
Intel Core i7-620M processor (2.66 GHz)
Elpida RAM 4MB (1066 MHz)
Seagate 300GB HDD (7200 RPM)
Intel 82577LM Gigabit Ethernet adapter
11b/g/n wireless LAN Mini-PCI Express Adapter II
NVIDIA NVS 3100m Graphics Adapter

For those of you who may still be contemplating your purchase of this laptop, you may want to consider carefully the wireless adapter choices offered by Lenovo. The Lenovo 11b/g/n wireless adapter (Realtek is the OEM) is not natively supported in CrunchBang at the current time, which required me to compile and install an appropriate driver from Realtek. This was not difficult as you’ll see in the steps below, however you may wish to consider purchasing the machine with the Intel Centrino-based adapter option instead. To the best of my knowledge, this adapter is natively supported in CrunchBang, as well as many other Linux distributions, including Ubuntu.

In addition, if you choose to purchase the laptop with the Nvidia graphics option, be aware that CrunchBang utilizes the in-kernel graphics driver Nouveau. This driver generally works well, however its performance in 3D-based games or desktop effects that require hardware graphics acceleration is limited. Nvidia makes available its proprietary driver, however the installation and configuration of this driver are beyond the scope of this post.

Installation

Among my goals when purchasing the T410 was to be able to dual-boot between Windows 7 and various Linux distributions and/or *BSD. The following steps describe how I reduced the size of the existing Windows 7 partition and re-partition the remaining unallocated disk space in order to install CrunchBang. The Window 7 Boot Configuration Data Editor (BCDEdit) was used to configure the Windows 7 bootloader to display a menu at boot time that allowed me to choose between Windows 7 and CrunchBang. If you’re not interested in preserving your existing Windows 7 install, or plan to install CrunchBang on a virtual machine using an application such as QEMU or VirtualBox then simply skip these steps and proceed with installing CrunchBang directly to the physical or virtual disk.

While I’ve never encountered a situation where the following steps destroyed existing disk data, you should make sure you backup any files you feel are critical before proceeding.

Reducing the Windows 7 Partition

The first thing that I needed to do was reduce the size of the existing Windows 7 partition. I found Windows 7’s own Disk Management tool to be the most efficient method for accomplishing this task. The Disk Management tool can be accessed by using Win+r and entering diskmgmt.msc. I right-clicked on the Windows 7 partition (C:) and selected “Shrink Volume.” Then I entered the amount of space (in Megabytes) that the partition should shrink (which in turn becomes the amount of space available to install CrunchBang), then selected “Shrink” (See Figure 1). CrunchBang needs a minimum of approximately 5 Gigabytes (GB) of free disk space. I chose 80 GB (80000 MB), within which I will create a ~31 GB partition for CrunchBang, a ~1 GB partition for Linux swap, and a ~16 GB NTFS partition that I will use to share files between CrunchBang and Windows 7. The remaining space I will hold in reserve for additional logical partitions. I then exited out of the Disk Management tool and rebooted the system, eventually arriving at the Windows 7 logon screen. Along the way I saw Windows perform a disk check – that’s normal, and only occurred once as a result of this procedure.

Figure 1

Partitioning for CrunchBang

To partition the newly created free disk space, I booted the system from a USB-based flash memory drive containing a stable release of GParted Live. After accepting the default settings for keymap, language, and X-window configuration, I arrived at the GParted desktop (See Figure 2).

Figure 2

I could see the ~80 GB of free disk space that I created currently labeled as unallocated. The hard drive is limited to four primary partitions, so in this unallocated space I created a new extended partition by left-clicking on this space to highlight it, then selecting “New” to create a new partition. I made this partition an Extended Partition, then selected “Add” (See Figure 3).

Figure 3

Once the new extended partition was created, I left-clicked on its unallocated space to highlight it and then selected “New” to create a new partition. I made this partition a Logical Partition and the file system ext4. I reduced the size of this partition to ~31 GB by moving the slider to the left until I reached the desired size (alternatively you can do this by typing in the value in the New Size field) then selected “Add” (See Figure 4).

Figure 4

In the remaining unallocated space, I created two additional logical partitions following the steps above. One was a linux-swap file system and sized to ~1 GB, the second was a NTFS file system consuming ~16GB. I reserved the remaining space unallocated for future use. When completed, I had a partition layout that resembled Figure 5.

Figure 5

After review the newly created partition layout, I selected “Apply All Operations” and GParted proceeded with writing the changes to the disk. After a few minutes I could see the re-partitioned drive (See Figure 6).

Figure 6

GParted retained the device designations /dev/sda1, /dev/sda2, and /dev/sda4 for Windows 7 but had now also assigned the appropriate device designations to my newly minted extended and logical partitions:

/dev/sda3 – (Extended partition)
/dev/sda5 – ext4 (Logical partition)
/dev/sda6 – Linux-Swap (Logical partition)
/dev/sda7 – NTFS (Logical partition)

I exited out of GParted and reboot the system, confirming that I could see the 16 GB NTFS partition that I had created (designated as drive letter E) in Windows 7.

Installing CrunchBang

I downloaded the 64-bit BPO version of CrunchBang and burned it to a CD, then booted the system using this disk. I chose the “Graphical Install” option and continued through the installation process until I arrived at “Partition disks” where I selected “Manual” to advance to an overview of my existing partitions and mount points (See Figure 7). This is where I instructed CrunchBang which mount points and file systems to use on the partitions I had created.

Figure 7

I selected partition #5 and “Use as:” in the subsequent screen, where I was presented with several file system options. I selected the “Ext4 journaling file system” and chose to format the partition. Then I set its mount point to / since partition #5 will serve as the root partition for CrunchBang. When completed, I selected “Done setting up the partition,” which returned me to screen showing an overview of my partitions and mount points (See Figure 8).

Figure 8

Following similar steps, I selected partition #6 and under “Use as:” selected “Swap area.” The mount was then automatically set and there was no need (or option) to format this partition. Partition #7, the NTFS partition, was left alone for the moment. I will add this partition to /etc/fstab in a later step so that CrunchBang will automatically mount it at boot time. After doing a final review, I selected “Finish partitioning and write changes to disk,” then confirmed my choices by selecting “Yes” in the subsequent screen prompting the installer to write the changes to the partitions (See Figure 9).

Figure 9

CrunchBang needs to be told where to install its bootloader GRUB. Because I will be using the Windows boot loader to boot both operating systems, I elected not to write over it by installing GRUB on the hard drive’s Master Boot Record. Instead, I chose to install GRUB on the partition that will contain the CrunchBang operating system – in my case partition #5 (/dev/sda5) (See Figure 10).

Figure 10

When the installation completed I was asked to reboot the system where I once again arrived at the Windows 7 logon screen.

Configuring for Dual Boot

With the partitions created and CrunchBang installed, it was time to set up the system so that it could boot to Windows 7 or CrunchBang. This involves creating a .bin file containing the boot record of the CrunchBang partition, then copying that file to Windows 7. Window 7’s BCDEdit utility is then used to create a new entry in its BCD store that will point to this file. Windows 7 will then display a menu at boot time that will provides a choice between Windows 7 and CrunchBang.

I once again booted the system using the GParted disk, then opened a terminal and created a temporary mount point:

sudo su
mkdir /mnt/tmp

1 2	sudo su mkdir /mnt/tmp

Then mounted the device representing the 16GB NTFS partition to this mount point:

mount -t ntfs-3g /dev/sda7 /mnt/tmp

1	mount -t ntfs-3g /dev/sda7 /mnt/tmp

Using the venerable dd command, I wrote the first 512 bytes of the CrunchBang partition to a .bin file and copied that file to the NTFS partition:

dd if=/dev/sda5 of=/mnt/tmp/crunch.bin bs=512 count=1

1	dd if=/dev/sda5 of=/mnt/tmp/crunch.bin bs=512 count=1

I exited GParted and reboot to Windows 7. I navigated to the NTFS partition (E:) where I found the crunch.bin file, and moved that file to the root of the my Windows 7 partition (C:). Next I used BCDEdit to add an entry to Windows 7’s BCD store. Administrative privileges are required to use BCDEdit, so I navigated to Start->All Programs->Accessories, right-clicked on Command Prompt and selected “Run as administrator.” Alternatively you can open the run box using Win+r, enter cmd and then use Ctrl+Shift+Enter. First, I created an menu entry for CrunchBang:

bcdedit /create /d “CrunchBang” /application bootsector

1	bcdedit /create /d “CrunchBang” /application bootsector

BCDEdit will return an alphanumeric identifier for this entry that I will refer to as {ID} in the remaining steps. You’ll need to replace {ID} by the actual returned identifier. An example of {ID} is {d7294d4e-9837-11de-99ac-f3f3a79e3e93}. Next I specified which windows partition hosts a copy of the crunch.bin file:

bcdedit /set {ID} device partition=c:

1	bcdedit /set {ID} device partition=c:

The path to the crunch.bin file:

bcdedit /set {ID}  path \crunch.bin

1	bcdedit /set {ID} path \crunch.bin

An entry to the displayed menu at boot time:

bcdedit /displayorder {ID} /addlast

1	bcdedit /displayorder {ID} /addlast

How long Windows 7 should display the menu:

bcdedit /timeout 30

1	bcdedit /timeout 30

That’s it. I rebooted and was presented with a menu where I could choose to boot to Windows 7 or CrunchBang. When I choose CrunchBang, I’m taken to the GRUB menu where I can continue booting to CrunchBang.

By the way, if at any time you want to eliminate the CrunchBang menu option, simply delete the BCD store entry you created using the following command:

bcdedit /delete {ID}

1	bcdedit /delete {ID}

Configuration

Internet Connection

After booting to CrunchBang for the first time it was time to establish an Internet connection. Using the T410’s Ethernet port presented no problems, however its 11b/g/n wireless adapter, based on the Realtek 8192SE chipset, is not currently supported by CrunchBang. So, before I could establish a wireless connection, I needed to download and install the appropriate Linux header files, then download, compile and install the Realtek 8192SE Linux wireless driver:

apt-get install linux-headers-$(uname -r)

1	apt-get install linux-headers-$(uname -r)

I navigated to the directory where I had downloaded and extracted the Realtek driver file, then changed into the resulting directory to compile and install it:

tar -zxvf 92ce_se_de_linux_mac80211_0004.0816.2011.tar
cd rtl_92ce_92se_92de_linux_mac80211_0004.0816.2011
sudo su
make
make install

tar -zxvf 92ce_se_de_linux_mac80211_0004.0816.2011.tar

cd rtl_92ce_92se_92de_linux_mac80211_0004.0816.2011

sudo su

make

make install

After the Realtek driver was installed I reboot the system. To establish a wireless connection, I simply left-clicked on the Network Manager applet icon and selecting my access point. I entered my “WPA and WPA2 Personal” passphrase and was connected to the Internet within a few seconds (See Figure 11).

Figure 11

Run the Post-install Script

With an Internet connection established, I decided to run CrunchBang’s optional post-installation script cb-welcome, designed to help with the initial configuration of a new CrunchBang installation. The script presented me with a series of options that allowed me to update the system’s software package repositories and installed packages, add printer and Java support, and install LibreOffice.

cb-welcome

1	cb-welcome

Install and Configure the Pantech UML290 Modem

I own a Pantech UML290, Verizon’s 4G LTE USB Modem. To configure it to work under CrunchBang, I plugged the device in to a USB port, waited for a few moments until the device’s LED began flashing blue, indicating it had found the Verizon network, then left-clicked on the Network Manager applet icon on the bottom desktop panel and selected “New Mobile Broadband (GSM) connection.” I proceeded through the connection wizard until I arrived the “Choose your Provider” screen. Since Verizon was not among the choices on the list, I selected “I can’t find my provider and wish to enter it manually” where I entered the term Verizon in the “provider” field. In the subsequent “Choose your billing plan” screen, I entered the term vzwinternet in the “Selected plan APN (Access Point Name)” field. I then proceeded to the connection wizard’s remaining screen and selected “apply.” I removed the Pantech UML290, rebooted the laptop, plugged it back in and waited for LED to flash blue. Then I left-clicked on the Network Manager applet icon and selected “Verizon connection”, and after a few moments was connected to Verizon’s 4G LTE network.

Configure the Bash Shell

I spend a lot of time at the terminal when using Linux so I configured BASH (“Bourne Again Shell”), CrunchBang’s default shell, so that it contained my favorite aliases and other tweaks. When you start a terminal session in CrunchBang, Bash will read commands from ~/.bashrc. You can add your own command aliases and other changes directly to ~/.bashrc, or simply uncomment and modify some or all of the ones that are provided as examples in that file if desired. The approach that I prefer, however, is to create a separate file containing these modifications, then simply point to that file from within ~/.bashrc. This approach allows me to easily port these changes from one system to another:

touch ~/.bash_aliases

1	touch ~/.bash_aliases

Then I added my aliases and other tweaks to this file. Here’s an example of my ~/.bash_aliases file:

# This file defines my Bash shell aliases and other tweaks
# This file is linked from ~/.bashrc

# Custom terminal prompt
# Show name@host followed by the current directory
PS1="[\u@\h: \w]$ "

# My Bash aliases
alias ls='ls --color=auto'
alias lsa='ls -a --color=auto'
alias lsl='ls -a -l --color=auto'
alias lsi='ls -a -i --color=auto'
alias lsr='ls -R --color=auto'
alias ps='ps -aef'
alias winshare='sudo mount -t cifs -o username=iceflatline,dir_mode=0755,file_mode=0644,uid=1000,gid=1000 //192.168.10.100/share /media/winhost'

# Set the Terminator titlebar to reflect user@host:dir
case "$TERM" in
xterm*|rxvt*)
    PROMPT_COMMAND='echo -ne "\033]0;${USER}@${HOSTNAME}: ${PWD/$HOME/~}\007"'
    ;;
*)
    ;;
esac

# This file defines my Bash shell aliases and other tweaks

# This file is linked from ~/.bashrc

# Custom terminal prompt

# Show name@host followed by the current directory

PS1="[\u@\h: \w]$ "

# My Bash aliases

alias ls='ls --color=auto'

alias lsa='ls -a --color=auto'

alias lsl='ls -a -l --color=auto'

alias lsi='ls -a -i --color=auto'

alias lsr='ls -R --color=auto'

alias ps='ps -aef'

alias winshare='sudo mount -t cifs -o username=iceflatline,dir_mode=0755,file_mode=0644,uid=1000,gid=1000 //192.168.10.100/share /media/winhost'

# Set the Terminator titlebar to reflect user@host:dir

case "$TERM" in

xterm*|rxvt*)

PROMPT_COMMAND='echo -ne "\033]0;${USER}@${HOSTNAME}: ${PWD/$HOME/~}\007"'

;;

esac

Next, I opened ~/.bashrc and uncommented the following lines:

if [ -f ~/.bash_aliases ]; then
   . ~/.bash_aliases
fi

if [ -f ~/.bash_aliases ]; then

. ~/.bash_aliases

Then I restarted Bash in order for these changes to take effect:

exec bash

exec bash

Configure Terminator

The default terminal emulator in CrunchBang is Terminator, one of my favorites, second only perhaps to Terminal, Xubuntu’s default lightweight terminal emulator.

What Terminator displays in its titlebar is dependent on the environment variable PROMPT_COMMAND. If this variable is not set, the titlebar will display “None” on it’s titlebar. To configure this so it displays the user name and the current directory, I added the following lines to my ~/.bash_aliases file:

case "$TERM" in
xterm*|rxvt*)
	PROMPT_COMMAND='echo -ne "\033]0;${USER}@${HOSTNAME}: ${PWD/$HOME/~}\007"'
	;;
*)
	;;
esac

case "$TERM" in

xterm*|rxvt*)

PROMPT_COMMAND='echo -ne "\033]0;${USER}@${HOSTNAME}: ${PWD/$HOME/~}\007"'

;;

esac

To enable window transparency in Terminator I made the cairo composite manager run full time by uncommenting the line (sleep 10s && cb-compmgr –cairo-compmgr) & in ~/.config/openbox/autostart.sh. A fixed transparency setting can be set by right-clicking in the Terminator window and selecting Preferences->Profiles->Background and selecting “Transparent background,” then adjusting the slider to the desired transparency. However I wanted the ability to adjust the level of window transparency using a mouse scroll wheel. To enable this capability I opened ~/.config/openbox/rc.xml and added the following lines in the context name=”Titlebar” area under the mouse section:

<!--ICEFLATLINE START -->
<!-- Mouse controls for window transparency -->
<mousebind button="C-Up" action="Click">
	<action name="Execute">
		<execute>transset-df -p --inc 0.2</execute>
	</action>
</mousebind>
<mousebind button="C-Down" action="Click">
	<action name="Execute">
		<execute>transset-df -p --min 0.2 --dec 0.2</execute>
	</action>
</mousebind>
<!--ICEFLATLINE END -->

<execute>transset-df -p --inc 0.2</execute>

</action>

</mousebind>

<execute>transset-df -p --min 0.2 --dec 0.2</execute>

</action>

</mousebind>

Then I restarted Openbox in order for these changes to take effect:

openbox --restart

1	openbox --restart

Now I can place the mouse pointer on the Terminator titlebar and adjust the window transparency using CTRL + mousewheel. Note that now if you select “Transparent backgound” under Preferences->Profiles->Background, the slider bar determines the minimum transparency achieved using the mouse scroll wheel.

Partition Mounting and Permissions

To ensure that CrunchBang mounts my Windows 7 and NTFS partition at boot time with the correct directory and file permissions, I created two mount points in /media:

sudo mkdir -p /media/windows /media/share

1	sudo mkdir -p /media/windows /media/share

Then added the following lines to /etc/fstab:

/dev/sda2 /media/windows ntfs-3g user,defaults,dmask=022,fmask=133,uid=1000,gid=1000 0 0

/dev/sda7 /media/share ntfs-3g user,defaults,dmask=022,fmask=133,uid=1000,gid=1000 0 0

/dev/sda2 /media/windows ntfs-3g user,defaults,dmask=022,fmask=133,uid=1000,gid=1000 0 0

/dev/sda7 /media/share ntfs-3g user,defaults,dmask=022,fmask=133,uid=1000,gid=1000 0 0

Access Windows Shares

Unfortunately, CrunchBang’s Thunar file manager is unable to discover Windows hosts on a network and then automatically mount/unmount their shared folders. Consequently, in order to access a shared folder, one can either use Gigolo, a small utility included with CrunchBang that acts as a frontend to manage connections to local and remote filesystems using GIO/GVfs, or manually mount the remote shares yourself. I chose the latter. First I installed smbfs, a CIFS compatibility package that adds support for the old SMB/CIFS filesystem types smbmount, smbumount, and mount.smbfs:

sudo apt-get install smbfs

1	sudo apt-get install smbfs

Created a mount point in /media:

sudo mkdir /media/winshare

1	sudo mkdir /media/winshare

Then mounted the Windows share on this mount point with the correct directory and file permissions using the IP address of the Windows host, the name of the shared folder, and Windows user name:

sudo mount -t cifs -o username=iceflatline,dir_mode=0755,file_mode=0644,uid=1000,gid=1000 //192.168.10.100/share /media/winshare

1	sudo mount -t cifs -o username=iceflatline,dir_mode=0755,file_mode=0644,uid=1000,gid=1000 //192.168.10.100/share /media/winshare

To cut down on the amount of typing required each time I needed to mount this share, I added the following command alias in my ~/.bash_aliases file:

alias winshare='sudo mount -t cifs -o username=iceflatline,dir_mode=0755,file_mode=0644,uid=1000,gid=1000 //192.168.10.100/share /media/winshare'

1	alias winshare='sudo mount -t cifs -o username=iceflatline,dir_mode=0755,file_mode=0644,uid=1000,gid=1000 //192.168.10.100/share /media/winshare'

Note: A similar mount command can be added to /etc/fstab if there is a desire to have the shared folder mounted automatically when CrunchBang starts.

Enable the Volume, Mute and Microphone Controls

Unfortunately, the audio volume, audio mute, and microphone mute buttons on the T410’s keyboard were not recognized by CrunchBang. To fix that I opened ~/.config/openbox/rc.xml and added the following lines in the keyboard section:

<!-- ICEFLATLINE START-->
<!-- t410 volume, mute and mic keyboard bindings -->

<keybind key="XF86AudioRaiseVolume">
	<action name="Execute">
		<command>amixer -q set Master,0 5+</command>
	</action>
</keybind>

<keybind key="XF86AudioLowerVolume">
	<action name="Execute">
		<command>amixer -q set Master,0 5-</command>
	</action>
</keybind>

<keybind key="XF86AudioMute">
	<action name="Execute">
		<command>amixer -q set Master,0 toggle</command>
	</action>
</keybind>

<keybind key="C-0xF8">
	<action name="Execute">
		<command>amixer -q set Mic 1,0 80% unmute</command>
	</action>
</keybind>

<keybind key="0xF8">
	<action name="Execute">
		<command>amixer -q set Mic 1,0 mute</command>
	</action>
</keybind>
<!-- ICEFLATLINE END -->

<command>amixer -q set Master,0 5+</command>

</action>

</keybind>

<command>amixer -q set Master,0 5-</command>

</action>

</keybind>

<command>amixer -q set Master,0 toggle</command>

</action>

</keybind>

<command>amixer -q set Mic 1,0 80% unmute</command>

</action>

</keybind>

<command>amixer -q set Mic 1,0 mute</command>

</action>

</keybind>

Getting the microphone mute button to function properly required a small work-around because, unlike the audio mute control (XF86AudioMute), the system does not support the toggle behavior for this key – in other words, the ability to push the button once to mute the microphone, then once again to unmute it. The work-around was to introduce a second key to the setup so that I could mute the microphone using the microphone mute button, then unmute it and set the microphone level to 80% by holding CTRL key and pushing the microphone mute button. Ugly I know, but it works.

Increase The Maximum Audio level

After setting up the volume controls, I noticed that the maximum audio loudness level in CrunchBang was substantially lower when compared to Windows 7. To correct this problem I right-clicked the volume icon in the panel/taskbar, selected “Preferences” and changed value of “Volume adjustment” to 100. Then I opened the file /etc/modprobe.d/alsa-base.conf and added the following line at the end of the file, then rebooted the system:

options snd-hda-intel model=thinkpad

1	options snd-hda-intel model=thinkpad

Install and Configure Iceweasel

Iceweasel is the default web browser in CrunchBang. Iceweasel is a fork from Firefox with the following purpose: backporting of security fixes to declared Debian stable version; no inclusion of trademarked Mozilla artwork. Beyond that it is functionally the same as Firefox, and as such, can be configured in the same way.

Make the backspace key work

Oddly, the backspace key in Iceweasel does not cause the browser to go back to the previous page as it does in under Windows. To fix that I entered about:config in the address bar, entered browser.backspace_action in the Filter field, double-clicked on its value and changed it from 2 to 0, then restarted Iceweasel.

Force last tab to close

The default behavior in Iceweasel prevents the user from closing the last open tab without also closing the browser. To enable the ability to close the last tab but not the entire browser, I opened about:config, entered browser.tabs.closeWindowWithLastTab in the Filter field, double-clicked on its value and changed it from “true” to “false,” then restarted Iceweasel.

Avoid the Favicons

Favicons are those small icons made available by web sites that are displayed in front of their respective bookmark and tab in Iceweasel. To save on some disk space and speed up browsing, I prevented Iceweasel from loading these icons. To do this I opened about:config and modified the following parameters:

browser.chrome.favicons set to “false”
browser.chrome.image_icons.max_size set to 0
browser.chrome.site_icon set to “false”

Eliminate the new tab button

Iceweasel features a small green “+” symbol adjacent to the tab(s) that provides the user with the ability to open a new tab by clicking on it. This is a feature I don’t use, preferring instead to open new tabs using Ctrl+t. To eliminate this feature, as well as some others I don’t use, I created the file ~/.mozilla/firefox/1jp2ynoh.default/chrome/userChrome.css. Note: your default firefox profile directory will be different than the 1jp2ynoh.default directory shown in following example:

touch ~/.mozilla/firefox/1jp2ynoh.default/chrome/userChrome.css

1	touch ~/.mozilla/firefox/1jp2ynoh.default/chrome/userChrome.css

Then opened this file and added the following lines:

/*
* START ICEFLATLINE
*/
 
/* Remove the Bookmark star (FF v3.x and 4.x) */
#star-button {
display: none !important; }

/* Remove the go button from the status bar (FF v3.x and 4.x) */
#go-button { 
display: none !important; }

/* Remove the new tab button (FF v3.x and 4.x)*/
.tabs-newtab-button {display: none;}

/*hide the firefox button (FF v4.x)*/
#appmenu-button, #appmenu-toolbar-button {display:none}

/*
* END ICEFLATLINE
*/

* START ICEFLATLINE

/* Remove the Bookmark star (FF v3.x and 4.x) */

#star-button {

display: none !important; }

/* Remove the go button from the status bar (FF v3.x and 4.x) */

#go-button {

display: none !important; }

/* Remove the new tab button (FF v3.x and 4.x)*/

.tabs-newtab-button {display: none;}

/*hide the firefox button (FF v4.x)*/

#appmenu-button, #appmenu-toolbar-button {display:none}

* END ICEFLATLINE

Then I restarted Iceweasel in order for these changes to take affect.

Look and Feel

Modify the GRUB Bootloader Menu

By default, the GRUB menu displays at a resolution of 640*480. Hoping to improve on that I installed and ran hwinfo, a tool to help determine which resolutions the T410’s Nvidia GPU could support:

sudo apt-get install hwinfo
sudo hwinfo --framebuffer

1 2	sudo apt-get install hwinfo sudo hwinfo --framebuffer

The following sample output from the preceding command suggested a number of resolutions that could be supported. Through some trial and error, I settled on 1024*768:

02: None 00.0: 11001 VESA Framebuffer                           
[Created at bios.464]
Unique ID: rdCR.NszzKie+Nl9
Hardware Class: framebuffer
Model: "NVIDIA Quadro NVS170M"
Vendor: "NVIDIA Corporation"
Device: "NVIDIA Quadro NVS170M"
SubVendor: "NVIDIA"
SubDevice: 
Revision: "Chip Rev"
Memory Size: 14 MB
Memory Range: 0xcf000000-0xcfdfffff (rw)
Mode 0x0300: 640x400 (+640), 8 bits
Mode 0x0301: 640x480 (+640), 8 bits
Mode 0x0303: 800x600 (+800), 8 bits
Mode 0x0305: 1024x768 (+1024), 8 bits
Mode 0x0307: 1280x1024 (+1280), 8 bits
Mode 0x030e: 320x200 (+640), 16 bits
Mode 0x030f: 320x200 (+1280), 24 bits
Mode 0x0311: 640x480 (+1280), 16 bits
Mode 0x0312: 640x480 (+2560), 24 bits
Mode 0x0314: 800x600 (+1600), 16 bits
Mode 0x0315: 800x600 (+3200), 24 bits
Mode 0x0317: 1024x768 (+2048), 16 bits
Mode 0x0318: 1024x768 (+4096), 24 bits
Mode 0x031a: 1280x1024 (+2560), 16 bits
Mode 0x031b: 1280x1024 (+5120), 24 bits
Mode 0x0330: 320x200 (+320), 8 bits
Mode 0x0331: 320x400 (+320), 8 bits
Mode 0x0332: 320x400 (+640), 16 bits
Mode 0x0333: 320x400 (+1280), 24 bits
Mode 0x0334: 320x240 (+320), 8 bits
Mode 0x0335: 320x240 (+640), 16 bits
Mode 0x0336: 320x240 (+1280), 24 bits
Mode 0x033d: 640x400 (+1280), 16 bits
Mode 0x033e: 640x400 (+2560), 24 bits
Mode 0x0345: 1600x1200 (+1600), 8 bits
Mode 0x0346: 1600x1200 (+3200), 16 bits
Mode 0x034a: 1600x1200 (+6400), 24 bits
Mode 0x0360: 1280x800 (+1280), 8 bits
Mode 0x0361: 1280x800 (+5120), 24 bits
Mode 0x0362: 768x480 (+768), 8 bits
Mode 0x0363: 848x480 (+3392), 24 bits
Config Status: cfg=new, avail=yes, need=no, active=unknown

02: None 00.0: 11001 VESA Framebuffer

[Created at bios.464]

Unique ID: rdCR.NszzKie+Nl9

Hardware Class: framebuffer

Model: "NVIDIA Quadro NVS170M"

Vendor: "NVIDIA Corporation"

Device: "NVIDIA Quadro NVS170M"

SubVendor: "NVIDIA"

SubDevice:

Revision: "Chip Rev"

Memory Size: 14 MB

Memory Range: 0xcf000000-0xcfdfffff (rw)

Mode 0x0300: 640x400 (+640), 8 bits

Mode 0x0301: 640x480 (+640), 8 bits

Mode 0x0303: 800x600 (+800), 8 bits

Mode 0x0305: 1024x768 (+1024), 8 bits

Mode 0x0307: 1280x1024 (+1280), 8 bits

Mode 0x030e: 320x200 (+640), 16 bits

Mode 0x030f: 320x200 (+1280), 24 bits

Mode 0x0311: 640x480 (+1280), 16 bits

Mode 0x0312: 640x480 (+2560), 24 bits

Mode 0x0314: 800x600 (+1600), 16 bits

Mode 0x0315: 800x600 (+3200), 24 bits

Mode 0x0317: 1024x768 (+2048), 16 bits

Mode 0x0318: 1024x768 (+4096), 24 bits

Mode 0x031a: 1280x1024 (+2560), 16 bits

Mode 0x031b: 1280x1024 (+5120), 24 bits

Mode 0x0330: 320x200 (+320), 8 bits

Mode 0x0331: 320x400 (+320), 8 bits

Mode 0x0332: 320x400 (+640), 16 bits

Mode 0x0333: 320x400 (+1280), 24 bits

Mode 0x0334: 320x240 (+320), 8 bits

Mode 0x0335: 320x240 (+640), 16 bits

Mode 0x0336: 320x240 (+1280), 24 bits

Mode 0x033d: 640x400 (+1280), 16 bits

Mode 0x033e: 640x400 (+2560), 24 bits

Mode 0x0345: 1600x1200 (+1600), 8 bits

Mode 0x0346: 1600x1200 (+3200), 16 bits

Mode 0x034a: 1600x1200 (+6400), 24 bits

Mode 0x0360: 1280x800 (+1280), 8 bits

Mode 0x0361: 1280x800 (+5120), 24 bits

Mode 0x0362: 768x480 (+768), 8 bits

Mode 0x0363: 848x480 (+3392), 24 bits

Config Status: cfg=new, avail=yes, need=no, active=unknown

I opened /etc/default/grub and uncommented and modified the following line:

GRUB_GFXMODE=1024x768

1	GRUB_GFXMODE=1024x768

While I had this file opened, I also changed the value of GRUB_TIMEOUT to 180 so that the GRUB menu would stay onscreen for 3 minutes rather than the default 5 seconds.

In addition to the issue of resolution and menu duration, the GRUB bootloader menu contained the entry “Windows Recovery Environment,” an entry that I considered superfluous. To eliminate it, I opened /etc/grub.d/30_os-prober and added the following highlighted lines after the section of code that starts around line 92:

[text firstline=”92″ highlight=”102,103,104,105,106,107″][/text]
for OS in ${OSPROBED} ; do
DEVICE=”echo ${OS} | cut -d ':' -f 1”
LONGNAME=”echo ${OS} | cut -d ':' -f 2 | tr '^' ' '”
LABEL=”echo ${OS} | cut -d ':' -f 3 | tr '^' ' '”
BOOT=”echo ${OS} | cut -d ':' -f 4”

if [ -z “${LONGNAME}” ] ; then
LONGNAME=”${LABEL}”
fi

# Added to remove the Windows Recovery entry
if [ “$LONGNAME” = “Windows Recovery Environment (loader)” ] && [ “${DEVICE}” = “/dev/sda1” ] ; then
continue
fi

Then I updated GRUB in order for these changes to take effect:

sudo update-grub2

1	sudo update-grub2

Stop the Clipboard Manager from Launching

I don’t use the Clipboard Manager so there was no need for this to launch at system boot. To stop it I opened ~./config/openbox/autostart.sh and commented out the following line:

(sleep 3s && parcellite) &

1	(sleep 3s && parcellite) &

Move the Panel/Taskbar

By default CrunchBang places its panel/taskbar at the top of the screen. Relocating it to the bottom of the screen was accomplished by opening the file ~/.config/tint2/tint2rc and changing the line Top center horizontal to Bottom center horizontal in the #panel section, then restarting Tint2:

sudo tint2restart

1	sudo tint2restart

Configure Conky

One of my favorite things about using CrunchBang is its inclusion of Conky, a light-weight free and open source system monitor that can display nearly any information about my system. Using sets of variables in Conky’s configuration file I can define what Conky should monitor and where those monitored parameters are displayed on the desktop. The look and feel of how this information is displayed is also highly customizable.

Conky’s default configuration file ~/.conkyrc can be used as a starting point. When configuring Conky for my system I decided to dispense with fancy network graphs and other eye candy and go with a more minimalistic approach instead. I settled on four areas for Conky to monitor, which provide just the information I need while not burdening system resources.

System – Basic system information showing kernel version, uptime, total RAM and Swap usage, etc.

Processor – Shows the top five applications or processes based on CPU usage.

Memory – Shows the top five applications or process based on system RAM usage.

Network – Shows basic information regarding wired and wireless connections, including IP address, inbound and outbound speed, connection quality, etc.

Conky includes support for the use of conditional statements within its configuration file. The ${if_up} variable, for example, checks for the existence of an interface passed to it as an argument. If that interface exists and is up, Conky will display everything between ${if_up} and the matching ${endif}. I used this particular variable to my advantage when configuring the network monitoring section. Instead of displaying information about all my wired and wireless interfaces, even when they were not active, I chose instead to have Conky display information about them only if they were being used. Here’s the configuration file I’m currently using. Feel free use it as is or change it to fit your needs.

#### Conky Configuration File

### START OF CONFIG

## Conky Display Settings 

# Set to yes if you want Conky to be forked in the background
background yes

# Font
use_xft yes
xftfont Sans:size=8
xftalpha 1

# Update interval in seconds
update_interval 1.0

# This is the number of times Conky will update before quitting
# Set to zero to run forever.
total_run_times 0

# Create own window instead of using desktop (required in nautilus)
own_window yes

# Use pseudo transparency with own_window?
own_window_transparent yes

# If own_window is yes, you may use type normal, desktop or override
own_window_type normal

# If own_window is yes, these window manager hints may be used
own_window_hints undecorated,below,sticky,skip_taskbar,skip_pager

# Use double buffering (reduces flicker-maybe)
double_buffer yes

# Minimum size of text area
minimum_size 210 200

# Maximum width of text area
maximum_width 240

# Draw shades?
draw_shades yes

# Draw outlines?
draw_outline no

# Draw borders around text?
draw_borders no

# Draw borders around graphs?
draw_graph_borders no

# Default colors and also border colors
default_color white
default_shade_color black
default_outline_color white

# Text alignment, other possible values are commented
#alignment top_left
alignment top_right
#alignment bottom_left
#alignment bottom_right
#alignment none

# Gap between borders of screen and text
# same thing as passing -x at command line
#(in pixels-me thinks)
gap_x 12
gap_y 12

# Subtract file system buffers from used memory?
no_buffers yes

# Should all text to be in uppercase?
uppercase no

# number of cpu samples to average
# set to 1 to disable averaging
cpu_avg_samples 2

# Force UTF8? note that UTF8 support required XFT
override_utf8_locale no

# Buffer size
text_buffer_size 512

# Use an assigned IP addy to determine network adaptor is up
if_up_strictness address

## Conky Output 
TEXT
${color FFFFF0}
${font sans-serif:bold:size=8}SYSTEM ${hr 2}
${font sans-serif:normal:size=8}$sysname $kernel on $machine
Host:$alignr$nodename
Uptime:$alignr$uptime
RAM:$alignr$mem/$memmax
Swap usage:$alignr$swap/$swapmax
Disk usage:$alignr${fs_used /}/${fs_size /}
Total CPU usage:$alignr${cpu cpu0}%

${font sans-serif:bold:size=8}PROCESSOR ${hr 2}
${font sans-serif:normal:size=8}${top name 1} $alignr ${top pid 1} ${top cpu 1}
${top name 2} $alignr ${top pid 2} ${top cpu 2}
${top name 3} $alignr ${top pid 3} ${top cpu 3}
${top name 4} $alignr ${top pid 4} ${top cpu 4}
${top name 5} $alignr ${top pid 5} ${top cpu 5}

${font sans-serif:bold:size=8}MEMORY ${hr 2}
${font sans-serif:normal:size=8}${top_mem name 1}${alignr}${top mem 1} %
${top_mem name 2}${alignr}${top mem 2} %
$font${top_mem name 3}${alignr}${top mem 3} %
$font${top_mem name 4}${alignr}${top mem 4} %
$font${top_mem name 5}${alignr}${top mem 5} %

${font sans-serif:bold:size=8}NETWORK ${hr 2}
${if_up wlan0} ${font sans-serif:italic:size=8} $alignc Wireless
${font sans-serif:normal:size=8}IP address: $alignr ${addr wlan0}
SSID: $alignr ${wireless_essid wlan0}
Speed: $alignr ${wireless_bitrate wlan0}
Connection quality: $alignr ${wireless_link_qual_perc wlan0}%
Inbound ${downspeed wlan0} kb/s $alignr Total: ${totaldown wlan0}
Outbound ${upspeed wlan0} kb/s $alignr Total: ${totalup wlan0}
${endif} 
${if_up eth0} ${font sans-serif:italic:size=8} $alignc Wired
${font sans-serif:normal:size=8}IP address: $alignr ${addr eth0}
Inbound ${downspeed eth0} kb/s $alignr Total: ${totaldown eth0}
Outbound ${upspeed eth0} kb/s $alignr Total: ${totalup eth0}
${endif} 
${if_up ppp0} ${font sans-serif:italic:size=8} $alignc Mobile
${font sans-serif:normal:size=8}IP address: $alignr ${addr ppp0}
Inbound ${downspeed ppp0} kb/s $alignr Total: ${totaldown ppp0}
Outbound ${upspeed ppp0} kb/s $alignr Total: ${totalup ppp0}
${endif}

### END OF CONFIG

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#### Conky Configuration File

### START OF CONFIG

## Conky Display Settings

# Set to yes if you want Conky to be forked in the background

background yes

# Font

use_xft yes

xftfont Sans:size=8

xftalpha 1

# Update interval in seconds

update_interval 1.0

# This is the number of times Conky will update before quitting

# Set to zero to run forever.

total_run_times 0

# Create own window instead of using desktop (required in nautilus)

own_window yes

# Use pseudo transparency with own_window?

own_window_transparent yes

# If own_window is yes, you may use type normal, desktop or override

own_window_type normal

# If own_window is yes, these window manager hints may be used

own_window_hints undecorated,below,sticky,skip_taskbar,skip_pager

# Use double buffering (reduces flicker-maybe)

double_buffer yes

# Minimum size of text area

minimum_size 210 200

# Maximum width of text area

maximum_width 240

# Draw shades?

draw_shades yes

# Draw outlines?

draw_outline no

# Draw borders around text?

draw_borders no

# Draw borders around graphs?

draw_graph_borders no

# Default colors and also border colors

default_color white

default_shade_color black

default_outline_color white

# Text alignment, other possible values are commented

#alignment top_left

alignment top_right

#alignment bottom_left

#alignment bottom_right

#alignment none

# Gap between borders of screen and text

# same thing as passing -x at command line

#(in pixels-me thinks)

gap_x 12

gap_y 12

# Subtract file system buffers from used memory?

no_buffers yes

# Should all text to be in uppercase?

uppercase no

# number of cpu samples to average

# set to 1 to disable averaging

cpu_avg_samples 2

# Force UTF8? note that UTF8 support required XFT

override_utf8_locale no

# Buffer size

text_buffer_size 512

# Use an assigned IP addy to determine network adaptor is up

if_up_strictness address

## Conky Output

TEXT

${color FFFFF0}

${font sans-serif:bold:size=8}SYSTEM ${hr 2}

${font sans-serif:normal:size=8}$sysname $kernel on $machine

Host:$alignr$nodename

Uptime:$alignr$uptime

RAM:$alignr$mem/$memmax

Swap usage:$alignr$swap/$swapmax

Disk usage:$alignr${fs_used /}/${fs_size /}

Total CPU usage:$alignr${cpu cpu0}%

${font sans-serif:bold:size=8}PROCESSOR ${hr 2}

${font sans-serif:normal:size=8}${top name 1} $alignr ${top pid 1} ${top cpu 1}

${top name 2} $alignr ${top pid 2} ${top cpu 2}

${top name 3} $alignr ${top pid 3} ${top cpu 3}

${top name 4} $alignr ${top pid 4} ${top cpu 4}

${top name 5} $alignr ${top pid 5} ${top cpu 5}

${font sans-serif:bold:size=8}MEMORY ${hr 2}

${font sans-serif:normal:size=8}${top_mem name 1}${alignr}${top mem 1} %

${top_mem name 2}${alignr}${top mem 2} %

$font${top_mem name 3}${alignr}${top mem 3} %

$font${top_mem name 4}${alignr}${top mem 4} %

$font${top_mem name 5}${alignr}${top mem 5} %

${font sans-serif:bold:size=8}NETWORK ${hr 2}

${if_up wlan0} ${font sans-serif:italic:size=8} $alignc Wireless

${font sans-serif:normal:size=8}IP address: $alignr ${addr wlan0}

SSID: $alignr ${wireless_essid wlan0}

Speed: $alignr ${wireless_bitrate wlan0}

Connection quality: $alignr ${wireless_link_qual_perc wlan0}%

Inbound ${downspeed wlan0} kb/s $alignr Total: ${totaldown wlan0}

Outbound ${upspeed wlan0} kb/s $alignr Total: ${totalup wlan0}

${endif}

${if_up eth0} ${font sans-serif:italic:size=8} $alignc Wired

${font sans-serif:normal:size=8}IP address: $alignr ${addr eth0}

Inbound ${downspeed eth0} kb/s $alignr Total: ${totaldown eth0}

Outbound ${upspeed eth0} kb/s $alignr Total: ${totalup eth0}

${endif}

${if_up ppp0} ${font sans-serif:italic:size=8} $alignc Mobile

${font sans-serif:normal:size=8}IP address: $alignr ${addr ppp0}

Inbound ${downspeed ppp0} kb/s $alignr Total: ${totaldown ppp0}

Outbound ${upspeed ppp0} kb/s $alignr Total: ${totalup ppp0}

${endif}

### END OF CONFIG

In order for Conky to recognize any changes you’ve made you’ll need to reboot the system or use the following command:

conkywonky

1	conkywonky

Here’s what this Conky configuration looks like running on my CrunchBang desktop:

Figure 12

Figure 13

Finishing Steps

At this point the installation and basic configuration of CrunchBang on my Lenovo T410 was complete. All that was left for me to do was to download and install/uninstall some applications, stop a few applications and processes from starting automatically, and organize the Openbox menu.

CrunchBang includes a nice set of default applications, however, there were a few not included that I could not do without, including:

ethtool – A utility for controlling network drivers and hardware
Filezilla – An FTP client.
Geeqie – A graphics file browser.
Hamachi – A hosted VPN service now known as “LogMeIn.”
htop – An interactive process viewer for Linux.
locate – A utility that scans one or more databases of filenames and displays any matches.
ntpdate – A client for setting system time from NTP servers.
Notepad++ – A text editor (run under wine).
OpenVPN – A VPN software and server application.
Pidgin – An instant messenger client
sysv-rc-conf – A utility to examine run-level services.
Truecrypt – Disk encryption software
tsclient – A program for remotely accessing and viewing Windows desktops.
Wine – Windows emulator.

All of these were applications were available through the package manager. I also took the opportunity to uninstall some of the default applications that I knew I wouldn’t use. Abiword, Catfish, GIMP, gFTP, Gnumeric, and Viewnior fell into this category.

After installing/uninstalling applications, I fired up sysv-rc-conf to examine run-level services:

sudo sysv-rc-conf

1	sudo sysv-rc-conf

The default layout displays a grid of all services that have symlinks in /etc/init.d/ and which run-levels they are activated in (See Figure 14). For example, where the cups row and column 2 intersect, if there is an “X” there that means the service will be turned on when entering run-level 2 (run-level 2 through 5 are full multi-user modes and are equivalent in CrunchBang). If there is no X it can mean that either there are no links to the service in that specific run-level, or that the service is turned off when entering that run-level. If more configuration detail is needed, sysv-rc-conf can be started using the priority option.

sudo sysv-rc-conf -p

1	sudo sysv-rc-conf -p

The priority layout also uses a grid, but instead of X’s there are text boxes that can have different values. If the text box starts with the letter S the service will be started when entering that runlevel. The two digits following is the order in which the services are started. If the text box starts with the letter K the service will be stopped when entering that runlevel. If the text box is blank that means there isn’t a symlink in that run-level for that service and it will not be started or stopped.

Using the sysv-rc-conf default layout I toggled the bluetooth, hddtemp, openvpn, rc.local, rsync, and ntp services off.

Figure 14

With those tasks out of the way it was time to clean up and organize the Openbox menu. The Openbox menu is very flexible, displaying virtually anything, but it does have the downside of not automatically updating to show newly installed applications, these need to be added manually.

There are two ways of editing the Openbox menu, a GUI tool called obmenu, or editing the menu file directly. obmenu can be accessed by right-clicking anywhere on the desktop (alternatively you can use Win+Spacebar) and selecting Settings–>Openbox Config–>GUI Menu Editor. Using obmenu is pretty self explanatory, to edit an entry select it and edit the various fields at the bottom, or to add an entry select “New menu” or “New item” from the top. You can also move an entry to another location by selecting “Edit” and either “Move up” or “Move down.” To edit the menu file directly open ~/.config/openbox/menu.xml. The menu.xml file can also be accessed from the Openbox menu by selecting Settings–>Openbox Config–>Edit menu.xml. I setup my Openbox menu so that I had quick access to Terminator, Firefox, Thunar, Gedit, and VLC via the menu labels Terminal, Web Browser, File Manager, Text Editor, and Media Player respectively, and access to all other applications through six top-level menu categories: Communications, Graphics, Multimedia, Office, and Utilities (see Figure 15). I retained CrunchBang’s default settings for everything else in the Openbox menu.

Figure 15

Once my changes were complete I restarted Openbox so that they would take effect:

openbox --restart

1	openbox --restart

Conclusion

This concludes the post on how I installed and configured CrunchBang Linux 10 “Statler” R20111125 on my Lenovo T410 laptop. Many of the choices made throughout the installation and configuration steps that I’ve described were of course based on my personal preference. You are encouraged to make your own choices. I suspect that any challenges you encounter along the way can easily be overcome. In short, CrunchBang works well on this laptop.

References

https://iceflatline.com/2009/09/how-to-dual-boot-windows-7-and-linux-using-bcdedit
http://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/library/cc709667%28WS.10%29.aspx
Newham, C., and Bill Rosenblatt. Learning the bash Shell. 2nd ed. Sebastopol, CA, USA: O’Reilly, 1998. Print.
https://iceflatline.com/2009/10/configure-command-line-aliases-in-bash
https://answers.launchpad.net/terminator/+faqs
http://linux.die.net/man/8/mount.cifs
http://techpatterns.com/forums/about1435.html
http://ubuntuforums.org/showthread.php?t=1287602
https://iceflatline.com/2009/12/my-conky-configuration

Linux

Install and Configure Ubuntu Linux on the Lenovo T410 Laptop

I recently purchased a Lenovo ThinkPad T410 laptop. This post will describe how I installed and configured Ubuntu Desktop Edition version 10.04 LTS – Long Term Support (32-bit) for use on this machine, the challenges that I encountered, and how those challenges were overcome.

Following are the specifications for the laptop I purchased:

Windows 7 Professional (x64)
Intel Core i7-620M processor (2.66 GHz)
Elpida RAM 4MB (1066 MHz)
Seagate 300GB HDD (7200 RPM)
Intel 82577LM Gigabit Ethernet adapter
11b/g/n wireless LAN Mini-PCI Express Adapter II
NVIDIA NVS 3100m Graphics Adapter

For those of you who may still be contemplating the purchase this laptop, you may want to consider carefully the wireless adapter choices offered by Lenovo. While the Lenovo 11b/g/n wireless adapter (Realtek is the OEM) is supported in Ubuntu 10.04, that was not the case when using many other Linux distributions on this laptop, which required me to compile and install a driver from Realtek. If you plan on using other Linux distributions on this laptop, I would recommend you consider purchasing the machine with the Intel Centrino-based adapter option instead. This adapter is supported in Ubuntu 10.04 as well as many other distributions.

In addition, if you choose to purchase the laptop with the Nvidia graphics option, be aware that Ubuntu 10.04 utilizes an in-kernel graphics driver known as “Nouveau” for this GPU. This driver generally works well, however its performance in 3D-based games or desktop effects that require hardware graphics acceleration is limited. I prefer to use the proprietary Nvidia driver; and with some configuration I am quite happy with its reliability and performance. Understandably though some users may not want to use proprietary software.

Installation

Among my goals when purchasing the T410 was to be able to dual-boot between Windows 7 and various Linux distributions or *BSD. The following steps describe how I reduced the size of Windows 7 and partitioned the remaining space in order to install Ubuntu. The Window 7 Boot Configuration Data Editor (BCDEdit) was used to configure the Windows 7 bootloader to display a menu at boot time that allowed me to choose between Windows 7 and Ubuntu. If you’re not interested in preserving your existing Windows 7 install, or plan to install Ubuntu on a virtual machine application such as QEMU or VirtualBox then simply skip these steps and proceed with installing Ubuntu directly to the physical or virtual disk.

While I’ve never encountered a situation where the following steps destroyed existing disk data, you should make sure you backup any files you feel are critical before proceeding.

Reducing the Windows 7 Partition

The first thing that I needed to do was reduce the size of the Windows 7 partition. I found Windows 7’s own Disk Management tool to be the most efficient method for accomplishing this task. The Disk Management tool can be accessed by using Win+r and entering diskmgmt.msc. I right-clicked on the Windows 7 partition (C:) and selected “Shrink Volume.” Then I entered the amount of space (in Megabytes) that the partition should shrink (which in turn becomes the amount of space available to install Ubuntu), then selected “Shrink” (See Figure 1). Ubuntu Desktop Edition needs a minimum of 15 Gigabytes (GB) of free disk space. I chose 26 GB (26000 MB), in which I will create a 20 GB partition for Ubuntu, a 1 GB partition for Linux swap, and a 5 GB FAT32 partition that will be used to share files between Ubuntu and Windows 7. Then I exited out of the Disk Management tool and rebooted the system, eventually arriving at the Windows 7 logon screen. Along the way I saw Windows perform a disk check – that’s normal, and only occurred once as a result of this procedure.

Figure 1

Partitioning for Ubuntu

To partition the newly created free disk space, I downloaded the latest stable release of GParted Live and burned it to a CD, then boot the system using the GParted disk. After accepting the default settings for keymap, language, and X-window configuration, I arrived at the GParted desktop (See Figure 2).

Figure 2

I could see the 26 GB of free disk space that I created currently labeled as unallocated. The hard drive is limited to four primary partitions, so in this unallocated space I created a new extended partition by left-clicking on this space to highlight it, then selecting “New” to create a new partition. I made this partition an Extended Partition, then selected “Add” (See Figure 3).

Figure 3

Once the new extended partition was created, I left-clicked on its unallocated space to highlight it and then selected “New” to create a new partition. I made this partition a Logical Partition and the file system ext4. I reduced the size of this partition to ~20 GB by moving the slider to the left until I reached the desired size (alternatively you can do this by typing in the value in the New Size field) then selected “Add” (See Figure 4).

Figure 4

In the remaining unallocated space, I created two additional logical partitions following the steps above. One was a linux-swap file system and sized to ~1 GB, the second was a FAT32 file system consuming all remaining unallocated space. When completed, I had a partition layout that resembled Figure 5.

Figure 5

Figure 6

GParted retained the device designations /dev/sda1, /dev/sda2, and /dev/sda4 for Windows 7 but had now also assigned the appropriate device designations to each of my newly minted extended and logical partitions:

/dev/sda3 – (Extended partition)
/dev/sda5 – ext4 (Logical partition)
/dev/sda6 – Linux-Swap (Logical partition)
/dev/sda7 – FAT32 (Logical partition)

I exited out of GParted and reboot the system, confirming that I could see the FAT32 partition that I had created (E:) in Windows 7.

Installing Ubuntu

To install Ubuntu on to the partitions I created using GParted, I downloaded a copy of Ubuntu and burned it to a CD, then boot the system using the Ubuntu disk. I double-clicked the “Install Ubuntu 10.04 LTS” button to get started, and continued through the installation process until I arrived at “Prepare disk space.” I then selected “Specify partitions manually (advanced)” to advance to the “Prepare partitions” screen (See Figure 7). This is where I instructed Ubuntu which mount points and file systems to use on the partitions I had created.

Figure 7

I left-clicked to highlight /dev/sda5 and then selected “Change.” On the pop-up screen I selected the ext4 file system and the checkbox instructing Ubuntu to format the partition. Device /dev/sda5 will serve as the root partition for Ubuntu so I set the mount point to / from the list of choices in the drop-down menu, then selected “Okay” to accept the changes (See Figure 8).

Figure 8

Following similar steps, I moved set the mount point for /dev/sda6 to linux-swap. There was no need to format this partition. The FAT32 partition located at /dev/sda7 was left alone for the moment. I will add this partition to /etc/fstab in a later step so that Ubuntu will automatically mount it at boot time. After doing a final review, I selected “Forward” to continue. I then worked through the “Who are you?” and “Migrate documents and settings” screens until arriving at the “Ready to install” screen (See Figure 9).

Figure 9

Ubuntu needs to be told where to install its bootloader GRUB. It should NOT be installed on /dev/sda, as that would overwrite the hard drive’s Master Boot Record, nor should it be installed on /dev/sda1, as that is used for the Windows 7 bootmanager files and boot configuration data. Instead, GRUB should be installed on partition that will contain the Ubuntu operating system – in my case /dev/sda5. To do this, I left-clicked on the tab that says “Advanced.” This brought up a pop-up screen where I could specify a location for the GRUB bootloader installation (See Figure 10).

Figure 10

After making sure the checkbox for installing the bootloader was checked, I chose /dev/sda5 from the drop-down list as the device for the GRUB bootloader installation, then selected “Okay” to continue with the Ubuntu installation. When the installation completed I was asked to reboot the system where I once again arrived at the Windows 7 logon screen.

Configuring for Dual Boot

With the partitions created and Ubuntu installed, it was time to set up the system so that it could boot to Windows 7 or Ubuntu. This involves copying the Master Boot Record of the Ubuntu boot partition to a file and copying that file to Windows 7, then using Window 7’s BCDEdit utility to create a new entry in its BCD store that will point to that file. Windows 7 will then display a menu at boot time that will provides a choice between Windows 7 and Ubuntu.

I once again booted the system using the GParted disk, then opened a terminal and made a mount point:

mkdir /mnt/tmp

1	mkdir /mnt/tmp

I mounted the device containing the FAT32 partition to this mount point:

mount /dev/sda7 /mnt/tmp

1	mount /dev/sda7 /mnt/tmp

Using the venerable dd command, I wrote the first 512 bytes of the Ubuntu boot partition to a file and copied that file to the FAT32 partition:

dd if=/dev/sda5 of=/mnt/tmp/ubuntu.bin bs=512 count=1

1	dd if=/dev/sda5 of=/mnt/tmp/ubuntu.bin bs=512 count=1

Then I exited GParted and reboot to Windows 7. I opened my FAT32 partition (E:) where I found the ubuntu.bin file, and moved that file to the root of the my Windows 7 partition (C:). Next I used BCDEdit to add an entry to Windows 7’s BCD store. Administrative privileges are required to use BCDEdit, so I navigated to Start->All Programs->Accessories, right-clicked on Command Prompt and selected “Run as administrator.” Alternatively you can open the run box using Win+r, enter cmd and then use Ctrl+Shift+Enter. First, I created an menu entry for Ubuntu:

bcdedit /create /d Ubuntu /application BOOTSECTOR

1	bcdedit /create /d Ubuntu /application BOOTSECTOR

bcdedit /set {ID} device partition=c:

1	bcdedit /set {ID} device partition=c:

The path to the ubuntu.bin file:

bcdedit /set {ID}  path \ubuntu.bin

1	bcdedit /set {ID} path \ubuntu.bin

An entry to the displayed menu at boot time:

bcdedit /displayorder {ID} /addlast

1	bcdedit /displayorder {ID} /addlast

How long Windows 7 should display the menu:

bcdedit /timeout 30

1	bcdedit /timeout 30

That’s it. I rebooted and was presented with a menu where I can choose to boot to Windows 7 or Ubuntu. When I choose Ubuntu, I’m taken to the GRUB menu where I can choose to continue booting to Ubuntu or return to the previous menu.

On a final note, if at any time you want to eliminate the Ubuntu menu option simply delete the BCD store entry you created using the following command:

bcdedit /delete {ID}

1	bcdedit /delete {ID}

Configuration

Establish an Internet Connection

After booting to Ubuntu for the first time the it was time to establish an Internet connection. Using the T410’s Ethernet port presented no problems, and its 11b/g/n wireless adapter is supported by Ubuntu so establishing a wireless connection was as simple as left-clicking on the Network Manager applet icon on the right side of the top desktop panel and selecting my access point (See Figure 11). I entered my “WPA and WPA2 Personal” passphrase and was connected to the Internet within a few seconds.

Figure 11

Update Software Packages

With an Internet connection established it was time to ensure that Ubuntu contained the most recent updates to its software packages. I frequently install packages from Canonical’s “Parter” repository, so before downloading and installing any updates I opened the file /etc/apt/sources.list and uncommented the following two lines:

deb http://archive.canonical.com/ubuntu lucid partner
deb-src http://archive.canonical.com/ubuntu lucid partner

1 2	deb http://archive.canonical.com/ubuntu lucid partner deb-src http://archive.canonical.com/ubuntu lucid partner

This ensures that third-party software will be available for download and installation and that any software installed from this repository will receive subsequent updates. With that out of the way, I proceeded with updating the local package index and upgrading Ubuntu’s existing software packages:

sudo apt-get update && sudo apt-get upgrade

1	sudo apt-get update && sudo apt-get upgrade

Install and Configure New Terminal Emulator

While the Gnome terminal that Ubuntu defaults to is just fine, I had the occasion recently to use Xubuntu, a Ubuntu derivative that uses the Xfce desktop environment. I really fell in love with Terminal, Xubuntu’s default lightweight terminal emulator. Most importantly though, it doesn’t bore me to tears looking at it all the time. Terminal emulators are like your significant other – you have to be with them all the time so you might as well get the one you want (See Figure 12):

sudo apt-get install xfce4-terminal

1	sudo apt-get install xfce4-terminal

Once installed Terminal is available by navigating to Applications->Accessories. To make it my default terminal emulator, I opened System->Preferences->Preferred Applications and selected the “System” tab. From the drop-down list I selected “Custom” then entered xfce4-terminal in the Command field.

The default geometry for Terminal is 80 columns by 24 lines (80×24), however I prefer a few more lines. To adjust the geometry I opened Terminal’s configuration file ~/.config/Terminal/terminalrc and changed MiscDefaultGeometry=80×24 to MiscDefaultGeometry=80×32.

To make the terminal window slightly transparent I opened Edit->Preferences in Terminal, selected the Appearance tab, then selected “Transparent background” from the drop-down list under Background. Finally, I set the default transparency to 0.90 using the Transparency slider bar. I also wanted the ability to make the window more transparent as desired without having to open the terminal preferences each time. To accomplish this I first installed the utility compizconfig settings manager:

sudo apt-get install compizconfig-settings-manager

1	sudo apt-get install compizconfig-settings-manager

Then opened the utility by navigating to System->Preferences->CompizConfig Settings Manager and selected the checkbox next to Opacity, Brightness and Saturation under the Accessibility category. Now I can increase and decrease the transparency of Terminal (or any other window for that matter) by holding the Alt key and using the scroll wheel on my mouse.

Figure 12

Configure the Bash Shell

I spend a lot of time at the terminal when using Linux so I configured BASH (“Bourne Again Shell”), Ubuntu’s default shell, so that it contained my favorite aliases and other tweaks. When you start a terminal session in Ubuntu, Bash will read commands from ~/.bashrc. You can add your own command aliases and other changes directly to ~/.bashrc, or simply uncomment and modify some or all of the ones that are provided as examples in that file if desired. The approach that I prefer, however, is to create a separate file containing these modifications, then simply point to that file from within ~/.bashrc. This approach allows me to easily port these changes from one system to another:

touch ~/.bash_aliases

1	touch ~/.bash_aliases

Then I opened this file and added my aliases and other tweaks. Here’s an example of my ~/.bash_aliases file:

# This file defines my Bash shell aliases and other tweaks
# This file is linked from ~/.bashrc

# Custom terminal prompt
# Show name@host followed by the current directory
PS1="[\u@\h: \w]$ "

# My Bash aliases
alias ls='ls --color=auto'
alias lsa='ls -a --color=auto'
alias lsl='ls -a -l --color=auto'
alias lsi='ls -a -i --color=auto'
alias lsr='ls -R --color=auto'
alias ps='ps -aef'

# This file defines my Bash shell aliases and other tweaks

# This file is linked from ~/.bashrc

# Custom terminal prompt

# Show name@host followed by the current directory

PS1="[\u@\h: \w]$ "

# My Bash aliases

alias ls='ls --color=auto'

alias lsa='ls -a --color=auto'

alias lsl='ls -a -l --color=auto'

alias lsi='ls -a -i --color=auto'

alias lsr='ls -R --color=auto'

alias ps='ps -aef'

Then opened it ~/.bashrc and uncommented the following lines:

if [ -f ~/.bash_aliases ]; then
   . ~/.bash_aliases
fi

if [ -f ~/.bash_aliases ]; then

. ~/.bash_aliases

I used the following command to have Bash immediately recognize my aliases and other tweaks:

exec bash

exec bash

Partition Mounting and Permissions

While Ubuntu successfully detected my Windows 7 partition at /dev/sda2 it did not automatically mount it. What Ubuntu does in these circumstances instead is to make the partition visible in “Places” but not actual mount it anywhere until it is selected, then it chooses a random name and mounts it at /media. Because I use the terminal a lot this behavior is less than desirable as the partition must be selected in “Places” before it is available from the command line. To ensure that Ubuntu mounts this partition as well as the FAT32 partition at boot time with the correct directory and file permissions automatically, I created two mount points in /media:

sudo mkdir -p /media/windows /media/share

1	sudo mkdir -p /media/windows /media/share

Then added the following lines to /etc/fstab:

/dev/sda2 /media/windows ntfs-3g user,defaults,dmask=022,fmask=133,uid=1000,gid=1000 0 0

/dev/sda7 /media/share vfat user,defaults,dmask=022,fmask=133,uid=1000,gid=1000 0 0

/dev/sda2 /media/windows ntfs-3g user,defaults,dmask=022,fmask=133,uid=1000,gid=1000 0 0

/dev/sda7 /media/share vfat user,defaults,dmask=022,fmask=133,uid=1000,gid=1000 0 0

Install the Nvidia Driver

I purchased my T410 with the Nvidia graphics option. Ubuntu’s nouveau driver is the default driver for this GPU and it works quite well with this laptop, correctly identifying the native resolution of its display as 1440*900 (16:10) and presenting the Ubuntu desktop appropriately. However, I did not want to be without really good hardware graphics acceleration so I installed the Nvidia driver. This was accomplished by navigating to System->Administration->Hardware Drivers, and starting a small utility which located the most current Nvidia driver within a few seconds. I selected “Activate” and the utility downloaded and installed the driver. When the installation was complete I rebooted the laptop, where once again was presented with the correct desktop resolution. Once the Nvidia driver is installed you will still be able to adjust your display settings using the native Gnome tool (System->Preferences->Monitors), however it will now ask if you “…you want to use your graphics driver vendor’s tool instead?” Selecting “Yes” will activate Nvidia’s tool instead. You can access this tool directly by navigating to System->Administration->Nvidia X Server Settings or by using the command nvidia-settings from a terminal.

Fix screen brightness control

After installing the Nvidia driver I noticed that the keyboard function keys for adjusting the screen brightness no longer worked. The fix for this was to open the file /etc/X11/xorg.conf and add the following line to the “Device” section:

Option "RegistryDwords" "EnableBrightnessControl=1"

1	Option "RegistryDwords" "EnableBrightnessControl=1"

Configure Printing

Printing has come a long way in Linux and the Ubuntu distribution is no exception. My T410 is typically connected to one of two printers most of the time: a Canon i560 Ink Jet connected via USB when at work, or a HP CM1312nfi Laser Jet when at home. Ubuntu instantly recognized the i560 when I connected it via USB with no further configuration necessary to meet my needs. Setting up the HP printer was nearly as seamless; although, because it is a network printer, it required a bit more configuration. I can manage both printers by navigating to System->Administration->Printing, and have even more control by pointing my web browser to http://127.0.0.1:631 to use CUPS (the “Common Unix Print System”) settings.

Configure E-mail

Ubuntu comes with Evolution, a “groupware suite” featuring, among other things, contact, calendar and e-mail applications for Linux systems. I’ll be blunt though – Evolution is a piece of shit. The only reason one would choose to use it is if a) they didn’t realize there were alternatives out there, or b) they need an e-mail client that will work with Microsoft’s Exchange Server 2003 or 2007 and those servers are not supporting the POP or IMAP protocols. I, unfortunately, fall into the latter category. My current employer uses Exchange Server 2007 and has elected not to turn on support for POP or IMAP. Unfortunately, out of the box, Evolution does not work with Exchange 2007 under these conditions. Why? Because Exchange Server uses a proprietary RPC protocol, MAPI (“Messaging Application Programming Interface”), that was designed to be used by the Microsoft Outlook client. Fortunately there is a work around for this problem. The Evolution MAPI plugin has been developed by the open source community that will allow Evolution to communicate with an Exchange 2007 server using MAPI. However, Evolution performance using this plugin vary. In my case, for example, while I can send and receive e-mail more or less reliably, the calendar and contacts functionality do not work at all:

sudo apt-get install evolution-mapi

1	sudo apt-get install evolution-mapi

After the plugin was installed, I took T410 to work and attached it to the network. I initiated Evolution’s setup assistant by navigating to Applications->Office->Evolution Mail and Calendar. When I reached the “Receiving E-mail” screen, I selected “Exchange MAPI” from the list of choices in the drop-down list under Server Type and entered the Exchange server’s host name, my Exchange user name, and the name of the domain where the Exchange server was located under Configuration, then selected “Authenticate” (See Figure 13). I entered my account password and after a few minutes received the message “Authentication finished successfully.”

Figure 13

If you’re connecting to Exchange Server 2003, and POP or IMAP support is not supported, then you should chose “Microsoft Exchange” instead of Exchange MAPI in the drop-down list. Confirm your Exchange account name is correct and enter the Outlook Web App (OWA) url for the Exchange server, then select “Authenticate.” If you’re lucky enough to have either of IMAP or POP activated in the Exchange server you’re connecting to then you can use just about any e-mail client (including Evolution) as most will support these protocols.

Install and configure a VPN client

With Evolution up and running (more or less), I needed a Virtual Private Network (“VPN”) client that could connect to the Cisco VPN concentrator used by my employer so I could use Ubuntu/Evolution from home or the road. I chose vpnc, a Cisco-compatible VPN client that creates a IPSec-like connection as a tunneling network device. It runs entirely in userspace and does not require kernel modules except the use of the tun driver:

sudo apt-get install vpnc

1	sudo apt-get install vpnc

Created a configuration file:

sudo su
touch /etc/vpnc/default.conf

1 2	sudo su touch /etc/vpnc/default.conf

Then added the following lines to this file:

IPSec gateway <host name for the Cisco concentrator>
Domain: <Exchange server domain>
IPSec ID <IPSec group ID>
IPSec secret <Password for the IPSec group ID>
Xauth username <Account username>

IPSec gateway <host name for the Cisco concentrator>

Domain: <Exchange server domain>

IPSec ID <IPSec group ID>

IPSec secret <Password for the IPSec group ID>

Xauth username <Account username>

To activate vpnc:

sudo vpnc

sudo vpnc

To disconnect vpnc:

sudo vpnc-disconnect

1	sudo vpnc-disconnect

Configure Firefox

Firefox is the default web browser in Ubuntu Desktop Edition 10.04. Following are configuration changes I made to improve its usability.

Install a Flash plugin

Out of the box Firefox lacks support for Adobe’s Flash technology. This can be fixed by installing either Adobe’s own proprietary Flash plugin or one of the open source variations like Gnash or Swfdec. I chose to install Adobe’s Flash plugin:

sudo apt-get install adobe-flashplugin

1	sudo apt-get install adobe-flashplugin

Install a Java plugin

Ubuntu also lacks support for Oracle’s Java technology. This too was easily fixed by installing either Sun’s Java plugin or an open source variation like IcedTea. I chose to install Oracle’s Java plugin.

sudo apt-get install sun-java6-jre sun-java6-plugin sun-java6-fonts

1	sudo apt-get install sun-java6-jre sun-java6-plugin sun-java6-fonts

You can verify the Flash and Java plugins were successfully installed by entering about:plugins the Firefox address bar.

Make the backspace key work

Oddly, the backspace key in Firefox does not cause the browser to go back to the previous page as it does in under Windows. To fix that I entered about:config in the address bar, entered browser.backspace_action in the Filter field, double-clicked on its value and changed it from 2 to 0, then restarted Firefox.

Force last tab to close

The default behavior in Firefox prevents the user from closing the last open tab without also closing the browser. This behavior drove me crazy. To fix that I opened about:config, entered browser.tabs.closeWindowWithLastTab in the Filter field, double-clicked on its value and changed it from “true” to “false,” then restarted Firefox.

Avoid the Favicons

Favicons are those small icons made available by web sites that are displayed in front of their respective bookmark and tab in Firefox. To save on some disk space and speed up browsing, I prevented Firefox from loading these icons. To do this I opened about:config and modified the following parameters:

browser.chrome.favicons set to “false”
browser.chrome.image_icons.max_size set to 0
browser.chrome.site_icon set to “false”

Eliminate the new tab button

Firefox features a small green “+” symbol adjacent to the tab(s) that provides the ability for the user to open a new tab by clicking on it. This is a widget I don’t use. To eliminate it, as well as some others, I created a userChrome.css file (your default Firefox profile directory will be different than the op9v3zvx.default directory shown in following command):

cd ~/.mozilla/firefox/op9v3zvx.default/chrome/
cp userChrome-example.css userChrome.css

1 2	cd ~/.mozilla/firefox/op9v3zvx.default/chrome/ cp userChrome-example.css userChrome.css

Then opened this file and added the following lines:

/* Remove the new tab button */
.tabs-newtab-button {display: none;}

/* Remove the Bookmark star */
#star-button {
display: none !important; }

/* Remove the livemark-button (RSS) from the status bar */
#feed-button { 
display: none !important; }

/* Remove the go button from the status bar */
#go-button { 
display: none !important; }

/* Remove the new tab button */

.tabs-newtab-button {display: none;}

/* Remove the Bookmark star */

#star-button {

display: none !important; }

/* Remove the livemark-button (RSS) from the status bar */

#feed-button {

display: none !important; }

/* Remove the go button from the status bar */

#go-button {

display: none !important; }

I restarted Firefox in order for these changes to take affect.

Install and Configure the Novatel USB760 Modem

I use a Novatel USB760 USB modem to connect to Verizon’s wireless data service. This modem also doubles as a USB storage device. The problem is that Ubuntu will automatically mount the USB760 as a CDROM device and not allow it to act as a modem. Simply trying to unmount the device was met with limited success as Ubuntu will attempt to automatically mount it again after an indeterminate period of time. To work around this problem, I plugged the USB760 into one of the USB ports and waited for Ubuntu to fully mount it. Then I modified /etc/udev/rules.d/70-persistent-cd.rules by appending the following to the end of any lines pertaining to “Novatel_Mass_Storage” so that the system would eject the Novatel USB760 as a CDROM device automatically (Note: there should be a space before and after the comma that appears at the start of this line):

, RUN+="/usr/bin/eject %k", OPTIONS="ignore_remove", OPTIONS+="last_rule"

1	, RUN+="/usr/bin/eject %k", OPTIONS="ignore_remove", OPTIONS+="last_rule"

Then I opened /usr/share/hal/fdi/information/10freedesktop/10-modem.fdi and added the following entry in the USB devices section:

<!-- Novatel USB760-->
<match key="@info.parent:usb.vendor_id" int="0x1410">
  <match key="@info.parent:usb.product_id" int="0x6000">
    <match key="@info.parent:usb.interface.number" int="0">
      <append key="info.capabilities" type="strlist">modem</append>
      <append key="modem.command_sets" type="strlist">IS-707-A</append>
    </match>
  </match>
</match>

<append key="info.capabilities" type="strlist">modem</append>

</match>

I removed the USB760, rebooted the laptop, then plugged it back in and waited for Ubuntu to mount and subsequently eject the device. I could verify this occurred by looking at /media/ and observing that the VZAccess Manager directory was no longer mounted there. I selected the Network Manager applet icon on the right side of the top desktop panel and selected “Auto mobile broadband (CDMA) connection” and proceeded to configure my Verizon wireless connection.

Look and Feel

Lose the Jungle Sounds

To lose the drum and jungle sounds Ubuntu is fond of playing at login and startup I navigated to System->Administration->Login Screen, selected “Unlock” and unchecked “Play login sound.” Then, navigated to System->Preferences->Sound and selected “No sounds” from the Sound theme drop-down list.

Remove Hard Drive Icons from the Desktop

I found the small hard drive icons that Ubuntu places on the desktop to represent mounted disks and partitions distracting. To hide them I opened a terminal and entered gconf-editor to bring up Gnome configuration editor, then navigated to apps->nautilus->desktop and unchecked the “volumes_visible” option.

Fix Low Resolution Boot Graphics

After I installed the Nvidia driver I noticed that the GRUB menu and Ubuntu splash screen were now displayed at a resolution of 640*480. Ugly! Switching from the Nouveau in-kernel graphics driver to one supplied by Nvidia as a binary loaded into Ubuntu’s X windows server apparently meant I no longer had KMS (“Kernel Mode Setting”) support for the video driver, and thus the system fell back to good old VGA mode during boot time. The work around for this was to use uvesafb, a generic driver/frambuffer that supports a wide variety of video cards that have a Video BIOS compliant with the VBE 2.0 standard, v86d, a helper application that runs x86 code in an emulated environment and is required in order to run uvesafb), and hwinfo, a tool to determine which resolutions the Nvidia card could support:

sudo apt-get install v86d hwinfo

1	sudo apt-get install v86d hwinfo

I ran hwinfo in order to determine which resolutions were supported:

sudo hwinfo --framebuffer

1	sudo hwinfo --framebuffer

The following sample output from the preceding command suggested a number of resolutions that could be supported. Through some trial and error, however, I settled on 1024×768:

02: None 00.0: 11001 VESA Framebuffer                           
  [Created at bios.464]
  Unique ID: rdCR.NszzKie+Nl9
  Hardware Class: framebuffer
  Model: "NVIDIA Quadro NVS170M
"
  Vendor: "NVIDIA Corporation"
  Device: "NVIDIA Quadro NVS170M
"
  SubVendor: "NVIDIA"
  SubDevice: 
  Revision: "Chip Rev"
  Memory Size: 14 MB
  Memory Range: 0xcf000000-0xcfdfffff (rw)
  Mode 0x0300: 640x400 (+640), 8 bits
  Mode 0x0301: 640x480 (+640), 8 bits
  Mode 0x0303: 800x600 (+800), 8 bits
  Mode 0x0305: 1024x768 (+1024), 8 bits
  Mode 0x0307: 1280x1024 (+1280), 8 bits
  Mode 0x030e: 320x200 (+640), 16 bits
  Mode 0x030f: 320x200 (+1280), 24 bits
  Mode 0x0311: 640x480 (+1280), 16 bits
  Mode 0x0312: 640x480 (+2560), 24 bits
  Mode 0x0314: 800x600 (+1600), 16 bits
  Mode 0x0315: 800x600 (+3200), 24 bits
  Mode 0x0317: 1024x768 (+2048), 16 bits
  Mode 0x0318: 1024x768 (+4096), 24 bits
  Mode 0x031a: 1280x1024 (+2560), 16 bits
  Mode 0x031b: 1280x1024 (+5120), 24 bits
  Mode 0x0330: 320x200 (+320), 8 bits
  Mode 0x0331: 320x400 (+320), 8 bits
  Mode 0x0332: 320x400 (+640), 16 bits
  Mode 0x0333: 320x400 (+1280), 24 bits
  Mode 0x0334: 320x240 (+320), 8 bits
  Mode 0x0335: 320x240 (+640), 16 bits
  Mode 0x0336: 320x240 (+1280), 24 bits
  Mode 0x033d: 640x400 (+1280), 16 bits
  Mode 0x033e: 640x400 (+2560), 24 bits
  Mode 0x0345: 1600x1200 (+1600), 8 bits
  Mode 0x0346: 1600x1200 (+3200), 16 bits
  Mode 0x034a: 1600x1200 (+6400), 24 bits
  Mode 0x0360: 1280x800 (+1280), 8 bits
  Mode 0x0361: 1280x800 (+5120), 24 bits
  Mode 0x0362: 768x480 (+768), 8 bits
  Mode 0x0363: 848x480 (+3392), 24 bits
  Config Status: cfg=new, avail=yes, need=no, active=unknown

02: None 00.0: 11001 VESA Framebuffer

[Created at bios.464]

Unique ID: rdCR.NszzKie+Nl9

Hardware Class: framebuffer

Model: "NVIDIA Quadro NVS170M

Vendor: "NVIDIA Corporation"

Device: "NVIDIA Quadro NVS170M

SubVendor: "NVIDIA"

SubDevice:

Revision: "Chip Rev"

Memory Size: 14 MB

Memory Range: 0xcf000000-0xcfdfffff (rw)

Mode 0x0300: 640x400 (+640), 8 bits

Mode 0x0301: 640x480 (+640), 8 bits

Mode 0x0303: 800x600 (+800), 8 bits

Mode 0x0305: 1024x768 (+1024), 8 bits

Mode 0x0307: 1280x1024 (+1280), 8 bits

Mode 0x030e: 320x200 (+640), 16 bits

Mode 0x030f: 320x200 (+1280), 24 bits

Mode 0x0311: 640x480 (+1280), 16 bits

Mode 0x0312: 640x480 (+2560), 24 bits

Mode 0x0314: 800x600 (+1600), 16 bits

Mode 0x0315: 800x600 (+3200), 24 bits

Mode 0x0317: 1024x768 (+2048), 16 bits

Mode 0x0318: 1024x768 (+4096), 24 bits

Mode 0x031a: 1280x1024 (+2560), 16 bits

Mode 0x031b: 1280x1024 (+5120), 24 bits

Mode 0x0330: 320x200 (+320), 8 bits

Mode 0x0331: 320x400 (+320), 8 bits

Mode 0x0332: 320x400 (+640), 16 bits

Mode 0x0333: 320x400 (+1280), 24 bits

Mode 0x0334: 320x240 (+320), 8 bits

Mode 0x0335: 320x240 (+640), 16 bits

Mode 0x0336: 320x240 (+1280), 24 bits

Mode 0x033d: 640x400 (+1280), 16 bits

Mode 0x033e: 640x400 (+2560), 24 bits

Mode 0x0345: 1600x1200 (+1600), 8 bits

Mode 0x0346: 1600x1200 (+3200), 16 bits

Mode 0x034a: 1600x1200 (+6400), 24 bits

Mode 0x0360: 1280x800 (+1280), 8 bits

Mode 0x0361: 1280x800 (+5120), 24 bits

Mode 0x0362: 768x480 (+768), 8 bits

Mode 0x0363: 848x480 (+3392), 24 bits

Config Status: cfg=new, avail=yes, need=no, active=unknown

I opened /etc/default/grub and modified the following lines:

GRUB_CMDLINE_LINUX_DEFAULT="quiet splash nomodeset video=uvesafb:mode_option=1024x768-24,mtrr=3,scroll=ywrap"

GRUB_GFXMODE=1024x768

GRUB_CMDLINE_LINUX_DEFAULT="quiet splash nomodeset video=uvesafb:mode_option=1024x768-24,mtrr=3,scroll=ywrap"

GRUB_GFXMODE=1024x768

Then opened /etc/initramfs-tools/modules and included uvesafb by adding the following line:

uvesafb mode_option=1024x768-24 mtrr=3 scroll=ywrap

1	uvesafb mode_option=1024x768-24 mtrr=3 scroll=ywrap

Finally, I used the following commands to force the use of uvesafb and to update the system’s bootloader and initial ramdisk:

echo FRAMEBUFFER=y | sudo tee /etc/initramfs-tools/conf.d/splash
sudo update-grub2
sudo update-initramfs -u

echo FRAMEBUFFER=y | sudo tee /etc/initramfs-tools/conf.d/splash

sudo update-grub2

sudo update-initramfs -u

After that, I rebooted and basked in the considerably nicer looking screen resolution being used for the GRUB bootloader menu and Ubuntu splash screen.

Modify Keyboard Shortcuts

For better or worse I spend a fair share of my computing time on machines running Windows. As if that heresy wasn’t enough, I’ve also grown rather fond of keyboard shortcuts involving the “Windows” key (known in Ubuntu as the “Mod4” key). You know the ones… Win+d to navigate to the desktop, Win+e to open Explorer, etc. I configured similar shortcuts in Ubuntu by navigating to System->Preferences->Keyboard Shortcuts. Following are the shortcuts I typically configure:

Set focus to the desktop set to “Mod4+d”
Lock screen set to “Mod4+l”
Run a terminal set to “Mod4+t”
Open the Home folder set to “Mod4+e”

Modify the GRUB Bootloader Menu

The GRUB bootloader menu contained a few entries that I considered superfluous. These included the two “Memory test” entries as well as the “Windows Recovery Environment” entry (See Figure 14).

Figure 14

To eliminate the two Memory test entries I made the file /etc/grub.d/20_memtest86+ non-executable:

sudo chmod -x /etc/grub.d/20_memtest86+

1	sudo chmod -x /etc/grub.d/20_memtest86+

To eliminate the Windows Recovery Environment menu entry, I opened /etc/grub.d/30_os-prober and added the following lines after the section of code that starts around line 134:

[text firstline=”134″ highlight=”144,145,146,147,148″]
for OS in ${OSPROBED} ; do
DEVICE=”echo ${OS} | cut -d ':' -f 1”
LONGNAME=”echo ${OS} | cut -d ':' -f 2 | tr '^' ' '”
LABEL=”echo ${OS} | cut -d ':' -f 3 | tr '^' ' '”
BOOT=”echo ${OS} | cut -d ':' -f 4”

if [ -z “${LONGNAME}” ] ; then
LONGNAME=”${LABEL}”
fi

# Added to remove the Windows Recovery entry
if [ “$LONGNAME” = “Windows Recovery Environment (loader)” ] && [ “${DEVICE}” = “/dev/sda1” ] ; then
continue
fi

Finally, to complete my GRUB modifications, I opened /etc/default/grub and changed the value of GRUB_TIMEOUT so that the GRUB menu would stay onscreen longer than the default 10 seconds. I finished up by updating GRUB:

sudo update-grub2

1	sudo update-grub2

Note: each time you update the Linux kernel, GRUB will add the new version to its menu. You can delete any of the older kernel versions listed in the GRUB menu by uninstalling that particular kernel version from your system. However, I recommend you keep at least one older kernel as well as its associated recovery option as a backup.

Clean up Notifications

Ubuntu’s Indicator Applet resides in the top panel of the desktop and provides a single notification area for multiple messaging applications, including Evolution (See Figure 15). Also located up there is Ubuntu’s new “Me Menu,” a unified interface for managing your presence on instant messaging and social networking services such as Facebook, identi.ca and Twitter.

Figure 15

While many user will find the Indicator Applet useful, I did not:

sudo apt-get remove indicator-messages

1	sudo apt-get remove indicator-messages

Ubuntu’s Me Menu wasn’t terrible useful for me either:

sudo apt-get remove indicator-me

1	sudo apt-get remove indicator-me

To see these changes immediately rather then rebooting:

killall gnome-panel

1	killall gnome-panel

Another set of notifications that I found superfluous were the shutdown and restart confirmation prompts that appear when you select either of those options from the Shut Down Applet (See Figure 16).

Figure 16

To disable these, I opened a terminal and entered gconf-editor to bring up Gnome configuration editor, then navigated to apps->indicator-session and checked the “suppress_logout_restart_shutdown” option.

Install and Configure a Theme

Update: The Ubuntu Satanic Edition theme is no longer supported. Consequently the URLs to its gpg key and repository described in the following steps are broken. Alternatively you could find another theme, in which case the following steps (using the appropriate URLs) are likely still valid, or simply use the default Ubuntu theme(s) — iceflatline, 20191223)

The stock Ubuntu theme has come along way since the omnipresent brown that characterized previous versions. But seriously, who wants a stock theme? After mulling it over a bit, I decided a diversion to the dark side was in order – enter Ubuntu Satanic Edition, a comprehensive set of themes to make my desktop dark and malevolent.

Ubuntu SE is stored in a secure repository so before I could download and install it I needed to install its GPG (GNU Privacy Guard) key:

wget -q http://ubuntusatanic.org/ubuntu-se-key.gpg -O- | sudo apt-key add -

1	wget -q http://ubuntusatanic.org/ubuntu-se-key.gpg -O- \| sudo apt-key add -

Add its repository to the system by adding the following lines to /etc/apt/sources.list:

deb http://ubuntusatanic.org/hell lucid main
deb-src http://ubuntusatanic.org/hell lucid main

1 2	deb http://ubuntusatanic.org/hell lucid main deb-src http://ubuntusatanic.org/hell lucid main

Update the local package index and install the appropriate version for widescreen monitors:

sudo apt-get update && sudo apt-get install ubuntu-satanic-wide

1	sudo apt-get update && sudo apt-get install ubuntu-satanic-wide

After installation, I navigated to System->Preferences->Appearance and selected “Inhuman Recant” from under the Theme tab, and selected “SE Pentagram” from under the Background tab. Then I modified the color of the top and bottom desktop panels to better match the background image (See Figure 17).

Figure 17

Next I used Ubuntu SE’s built-in sataniconf script to install a login theme that would compliment the desktop theme I chose (to get a list of available logon themes you can run this command with no options):

sataniconf gdm SE-Pentagram

1	sataniconf gdm SE-Pentagram

Should I tire of the dark side I can use the following two commands to revert the splash, login and desktop themes back to their defaults:

sataniconf plymouth default
sataniconf gdm default

1 2	sataniconf plymouth default sataniconf gdm default

Install and Configure Conky

One of my favorite things about using Linux and BSD is the ability to use Conky, a light-weight free and open source system monitor that can display nearly any information about your system directly on your desktop:

$ sudo apt-get install conky

1	$ sudo apt-get install conky

Using sets of variables in Conky’s configuration file I can define what Conky should monitor and where those monitored parameters are displayed on the desktop. The look and feel of what’s displayed is highly customizable. Conky’s default configuration file /etc/conky/conky.conf can be used as a starting point, but it must be copied it to your home folder and renamed .conkyrc before Conky can use it. To start conky manually:

$ conky -q

1	$ conky -q

To stop it:

$ killall conky

1	$ killall conky

To enable conky to start automatically at boot time, I navigated to Preferences->Startup Applications and selected “Add.” In the Name field I entered “conky,” in the Command field I entered /usr/bin/conky -p 10 -q and in the Comment field I entered “conky system monitor.” The -p 10 argument in the command makes conky wait for 10 seconds before starting, allowing the desktop sufficient time to fully render. The -q argument makes conky start in quiet mode (See Figure 18).

Figure 18

When configuring Conky for my system I decided to dispense with the fancy network graphs and other eye candy and go with a more minimalistic approach instead. I settled on four areas for Conky to monitor, which provide just the information I need while not burdening system resources.

System – Basic system information showing kernel version, uptime, total RAM and Swap usage, etc.

Processor – Shows the top five applications or processes based on CPU usage.

Memory – Shows the top five applications or process based on system RAM usage.

Network – Shows basic information regarding wired and wireless connections, including IP address, inbound and outbound speed, connection quality, etc.

One of the many cool things about Conky is its support for the use of conditional statements within its configuration file. The ${if_existing} variable, for example, checks for the existence of a file passed to it as an argument. If that file exists it will display everything between ${if_existing} and the matching ${endif}. I used this particular variable to my advantage when configuring the network monitoring section. Instead of displaying information about wired and wireless interfaces that were not in use, I chose instead to have Conky display information about them only if they were active by testing for the existence of their file (e.g., eth0) in /proc/net/route. Here’s the configuration file I’m currently using. Feel free use it as is or change it to fit your needs.

#### Conky Configuration File

### START OF CONFIG

## Conky Display Settings 

# Set to yes if you want Conky to be forked in the background
background yes

# Font
use_xft yes
xftfont Sans:size=8
xftalpha 1

# Update interval in seconds
update_interval 1.0

# This is the number of times Conky will update before quitting
# Set to zero to run forever.
total_run_times 0

# Create own window instead of using desktop (required in nautilus)
own_window yes

# Use pseudo transparency with own_window?
own_window_transparent yes

# If own_window is yes, you may use type normal, desktop or override
own_window_type normal

# If own_window is yes, these window manager hints may be used
own_window_hints undecorated,below,sticky,skip_taskbar,skip_pager

# Use double buffering (reduces flicker-maybe)
double_buffer yes

# Minimum size of text area
minimum_size 210 200

# Maximum width of text area
maximum_width 240

# Draw shades?
draw_shades yes

# Draw outlines?
draw_outline no

# Draw borders around text?
draw_borders no

# Draw borders around graphs?
draw_graph_borders no

# Default colors and also border colors
default_color white
default_shade_color black
default_outline_color white

# Text alignment, other possible values are commented
#alignment top_left
alignment top_right
#alignment bottom_left
#alignment bottom_right
#alignment none

# Gap between borders of screen and text
# same thing as passing -x at command line
#(in pixels-me thinks)
gap_x 12
gap_y 36

# Subtract file system buffers from used memory?
no_buffers yes

# Should all text to be in uppercase?
uppercase no

# number of cpu samples to average
# set to 1 to disable averaging
cpu_avg_samples 2

# Force UTF8? note that UTF8 support required XFT
override_utf8_locale no

# Buffer size
text_buffer_size 512

## Conky Output 

TEXT
${color F3C94D}
${font sans-serif:bold:size=8}SYSTEM ${hr 2}
${font sans-serif:normal:size=8}$sysname $kernel on $machine
Host:$alignr$nodename
Uptime:$alignr$uptime
RAM:$alignr$mem/$memmax
Swap usage:$alignr$swap/$swapmax
Disk usage:$alignr${fs_used /}/${fs_size /}
Total CPU usage:$alignr${cpu cpu0}%

${font sans-serif:bold:size=8}PROCESSOR ${hr 2}
${font sans-serif:normal:size=8}${top name 1} $alignr ${top pid 1} ${top cpu 1}
${top name 2} $alignr ${top pid 2} ${top cpu 2}
${top name 3} $alignr ${top pid 3} ${top cpu 3}
${top name 4} $alignr ${top pid 4} ${top cpu 4}
${top name 5} $alignr ${top pid 5} ${top cpu 5}

${font sans-serif:bold:size=8}MEMORY ${hr 2}
${font sans-serif:normal:size=8}${top_mem name 1}${alignr}${top mem 1} %
${top_mem name 2}${alignr}${top mem 2} %
$font${top_mem name 3}${alignr}${top mem 3} %
$font${top_mem name 4}${alignr}${top mem 4} %
$font${top_mem name 5}${alignr}${top mem 5} %

${font sans-serif:bold:size=8}NETWORK ${hr 2}
${if_existing /proc/net/route wlan0} ${font sans-serif:italic:size=8} $alignc Wireless
${font sans-serif:normal:size=8}IP address: $alignr ${addr wlan0}
SSID: $alignr ${wireless_essid wlan0}
Speed: $alignr ${wireless_bitrate wlan0}
Connection quality: $alignr ${wireless_link_qual_perc wlan0}%
Inbound ${downspeed wlan0} kb/s $alignr Total: ${totaldown wlan0}
Outbound ${upspeed wlan0} kb/s $alignr Total: ${totalup wlan0}
${endif} 
${if_existing /proc/net/route eth0} ${font sans-serif:italic:size=8} $alignc Wired
${font sans-serif:normal:size=8}IP address: $alignr ${addr eth0}
Inbound ${downspeed eth0} kb/s $alignr Total: ${totaldown eth0}
Outbound ${upspeed eth0} kb/s $alignr Total: ${totalup eth0}
${endif} 
${if_existing /proc/net/route ppp0} ${font sans-serif:italic:size=8} $alignc Mobile
${font sans-serif:normal:size=8}IP address: $alignr ${addr ppp0}
Inbound ${downspeed ppp0} kb/s $alignr Total: ${totaldown ppp0}
Outbound ${upspeed ppp0} kb/s $alignr Total: ${totalup ppp0}
${endif}

### END OF CONFIG

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#### Conky Configuration File

### START OF CONFIG

## Conky Display Settings

# Set to yes if you want Conky to be forked in the background

background yes

# Font

use_xft yes

xftfont Sans:size=8

xftalpha 1

# Update interval in seconds

update_interval 1.0

# This is the number of times Conky will update before quitting

# Set to zero to run forever.

total_run_times 0

# Create own window instead of using desktop (required in nautilus)

own_window yes

# Use pseudo transparency with own_window?

own_window_transparent yes

# If own_window is yes, you may use type normal, desktop or override

own_window_type normal

# If own_window is yes, these window manager hints may be used

own_window_hints undecorated,below,sticky,skip_taskbar,skip_pager

# Use double buffering (reduces flicker-maybe)

double_buffer yes

# Minimum size of text area

minimum_size 210 200

# Maximum width of text area

maximum_width 240

# Draw shades?

draw_shades yes

# Draw outlines?

draw_outline no

# Draw borders around text?

draw_borders no

# Draw borders around graphs?

draw_graph_borders no

# Default colors and also border colors

default_color white

default_shade_color black

default_outline_color white

# Text alignment, other possible values are commented

#alignment top_left

alignment top_right

#alignment bottom_left

#alignment bottom_right

#alignment none

# Gap between borders of screen and text

# same thing as passing -x at command line

#(in pixels-me thinks)

gap_x 12

gap_y 36

# Subtract file system buffers from used memory?

no_buffers yes

# Should all text to be in uppercase?

uppercase no

# number of cpu samples to average

# set to 1 to disable averaging

cpu_avg_samples 2

# Force UTF8? note that UTF8 support required XFT

override_utf8_locale no

# Buffer size

text_buffer_size 512

## Conky Output

TEXT

${color F3C94D}

${font sans-serif:bold:size=8}SYSTEM ${hr 2}

${font sans-serif:normal:size=8}$sysname $kernel on $machine

Host:$alignr$nodename

Uptime:$alignr$uptime

RAM:$alignr$mem/$memmax

Swap usage:$alignr$swap/$swapmax

Disk usage:$alignr${fs_used /}/${fs_size /}

Total CPU usage:$alignr${cpu cpu0}%

${font sans-serif:bold:size=8}PROCESSOR ${hr 2}

${font sans-serif:normal:size=8}${top name 1} $alignr ${top pid 1} ${top cpu 1}

${top name 2} $alignr ${top pid 2} ${top cpu 2}

${top name 3} $alignr ${top pid 3} ${top cpu 3}

${top name 4} $alignr ${top pid 4} ${top cpu 4}

${top name 5} $alignr ${top pid 5} ${top cpu 5}

${font sans-serif:bold:size=8}MEMORY ${hr 2}

${font sans-serif:normal:size=8}${top_mem name 1}${alignr}${top mem 1} %

${top_mem name 2}${alignr}${top mem 2} %

$font${top_mem name 3}${alignr}${top mem 3} %

$font${top_mem name 4}${alignr}${top mem 4} %

$font${top_mem name 5}${alignr}${top mem 5} %

${font sans-serif:bold:size=8}NETWORK ${hr 2}

${if_existing /proc/net/route wlan0} ${font sans-serif:italic:size=8} $alignc Wireless

${font sans-serif:normal:size=8}IP address: $alignr ${addr wlan0}

SSID: $alignr ${wireless_essid wlan0}

Speed: $alignr ${wireless_bitrate wlan0}

Connection quality: $alignr ${wireless_link_qual_perc wlan0}%

Inbound ${downspeed wlan0} kb/s $alignr Total: ${totaldown wlan0}

Outbound ${upspeed wlan0} kb/s $alignr Total: ${totalup wlan0}

${endif}

${if_existing /proc/net/route eth0} ${font sans-serif:italic:size=8} $alignc Wired

${font sans-serif:normal:size=8}IP address: $alignr ${addr eth0}

Inbound ${downspeed eth0} kb/s $alignr Total: ${totaldown eth0}

Outbound ${upspeed eth0} kb/s $alignr Total: ${totalup eth0}

${endif}

${if_existing /proc/net/route ppp0} ${font sans-serif:italic:size=8} $alignc Mobile

${font sans-serif:normal:size=8}IP address: $alignr ${addr ppp0}

Inbound ${downspeed ppp0} kb/s $alignr Total: ${totaldown ppp0}

Outbound ${upspeed ppp0} kb/s $alignr Total: ${totalup ppp0}

${endif}

### END OF CONFIG

Here’s what this Conky configuration looks like running on my Ubuntu SE theme:

Figure 19

Figure 20

Finishing Steps

At this point the installation and basic configuration of Ubuntu on my T410 was complete. All that was left for me to do was to download and install/uninstall some applications, stop a few applications and processes from starting automatically, and organize the Applications menu.

Ubuntu does a good job of providing good default applications that anyone can use. Alas though there are a few packages I can’t seem to do without, including:

ethtool – A utility for controlling network drivers and hardware
Filezilla – An FTP client.
Geeqie – A graphics file browser.
Hamachi – A hosted VPN service now known as “LogMeIn.”
htop – An interactive process viewer for Linux.
mg – A text editor based on MicroEMACS.
Notepad++ – A text editor (run under wine).
OpenVPN – A VPN software and server application.
Pidgin – An instant messenger client
sysv-rc-conf – A utility to examine run-level services.
Truecrypt – Disk encryption software
VLC – A multimedia player.
Wine – Windows emulator.
XChat – An IRC chat application.

All of these were available through Ubuntu’s package manager. I also took the opportunity to uninstall some applications that I knew I wouldn’t use. Gwibber, Empathy, F-Spot, Rhythmbox, X-Sane, and a few others fell into this category.

After installing/uninstalling applications, I navigated to System->Preferences->Startup Applications and removed some of the applications I found there so they would not start at boot time. These included Bluetooth, Ubuntu One, Visual assistance, and Remote desktop server. Then I fired up sysv-rc-conf to examine run-level services:

sudo sysv-rc-conf

1	sudo sysv-rc-conf

The default layout displays a grid of all services that have symlinks in /etc/init.d/ and which run-levels they are activated in (See Figure 21). For example, where the dns-clean row and column 2 intersect, if there is an “X” there that means the service will be turned on when entering run-level 2 (run-level 2 through 5 are full multi-user modes and are equivalent in Ubuntu). If there is no X it can mean that either there are no links to the service in that specific run-level, or that the service is turned off when entering that run-level. If more configuration detail is needed, sysv-rc-conf can be started using the priority option.

sudo sysv-rc-conf -p

1	sudo sysv-rc-conf -p

Using the sysv-rc-conf default layout I toggled the bluetooth, kerneloops, rc.local, and speech dispatcher services off.

Figure 21

With those tasks out of the way it was time to clean up and organize the Applications menu. To do this I navigated to System->Preferences->Main menu (See Figure 22). I typically setup my Applications menu so that there are six top-level menu categories: Communications, Games, Graphics & Publishing, Multimedia, Office, and Utilities. These can by created by highlighting “Applications” in the left column then selecting “New Menu.” Once those were categories were created, organizing the existing applications so that they were listed under one of the newly created top-level menu categories was simply a matter of dragging and dropping them to where I wanted them. Note, however, that dragging and dropping an application to a new category does not eliminate it from appearing in its old location. To do that you must uncheck it under its old location using the Item column on the right. Once all of the applications in a particular top-level menu category have been unchecked that category will be hidden and no long appear under the main Applications menu.

Figure 22

Conclusion

This concludes the post on how I installed and configured Ubuntu 10.04 LTS on my Lenovo T410 laptop. Obviously many of the choices made throughout the installation and configuration steps that I’ve described were based on my personal preferences. You of course, are free, indeed encouraged, to make your own choices. As in my case, I suspect that any challenges you encounter along the way can easily be overcome. In short, Ubuntu (as do many other Linux distributions) works well on this laptop.

References
http://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/library/cc709667%28WS.10%29.aspx
https://www.iceflatline.com/2009/09/how-to-dual-boot-windows-7-and-linux-using-bcdedit
https://www.iceflatline.com/2009/08/installing-xfce-terminal-on-ubuntu-and-fedora
Newham, C., and Bill Rosenblatt. Learning the bash Shell. 2nd ed. Sebastopol, CA, USA: O’Reilly, 1998. Print.
https://www.iceflatline.com/2009/10/configure-command-line-aliases-in-bash
https://www.iceflatline.com/2009/12/my-conky-configuration

Networking

Use pfSense as a NTP Server

(20170504 — The steps in this post were amended to address changes in recent versions of software — iceflatline)

In a previous post, I described how to install and setup pfSense in a home network. In this post I will describe how to configure pfSense to act as an Network Time Protocol (“NTP”) server, as well as how to configure various hosts in your network to synchronize their local clock to this server.

pfSense is a customized version of FreeBSD tailored specifically for use as a perimeter firewall and router. It can be managed almost entirely from a web-based GUI. In addition to being a firewall and routing platform, pfSense includes a long list of other features, as well as a package system allowing its capabilities to be expanded even further. pfSense is free, open source software distributed under the BSD license.

Originally designed by David L. Mills of the University of Delaware circa 1985, NTP is a protocol for synchronizing the clocks of computer systems over packet-switched, variable-latency data networks, and one of the oldest Internet protocols still in use. NTP uses User Datagram Protocol (UDP) port number 123. pfSense uses OpenNTPD, a free, easy to use implementation of NTP.

The versions for the software used in this post were as follows:

FreeBSD 11.0-RELEASE
pfSense 2.3.3-RELEASE-p1
Ubuntu 16.04.2 LTS
Windows 7 Professional (x64)

Configure OpenNTPD in pfSense

Before configuring the OpenNTP server, it’s a good idea to ensure that pfSense itself is keeping accurate time. The best way to do that is to have it synchronize its clock with one or more remote NTP servers. First though, you should make sure that the clock in the machine hosting pfSense is set to something close to accurate – if the difference is too great, pfSense will not synchronize properly with the remote NTP server.

Login to the pfSense machine using its “webConfigurator” (webGUI) interface. Navigate to System->General Setup and select the timezone that matches the physical location of the pfSense machine from among the options under “Timezone.” Next, enter the host name or IP address for the remote NTP server under “Timeservers” (Remember to add at least one DNS server under “DNS Servers” if you decide to use a host name instead of an IP address). Most likely you’ll find this field is already populated with one or more default remote NTP server(s) such as 0.pfsense.pool.ntp.org, 1.pfsense.pool.ntp.org, etc. These servers will work just fine in most cases, however you may get more accurate results if you use one of the continental zone servers (e.g., europe., north-america., oceania., or asia.pool.ntp.org), and even more accurate time if you choose to use one of the country zone servers (e.g., us.pool.ntp.org in the United States). For all of these zones, you can use the 0, 1 or 2 prefix, like 0.us.pool.ntp.org, to distinguish between servers from a particular region or country. (See the NTP Pool Project web site for more information on how to use pool.ntp.org servers). Like 0.pfsense.pool.ntp.org, these server entries will pick random NTP servers from a pool of known good ones. Also, while one NTP server is sufficient, you can improve reliability by adding more. Just make sure their host names or IP addresses are separated by a space.

Now that the pfSense machine is on its way to keeping accurate time, let’s configure its OpenNTPD server. Navigate to Services->NTP and pick which interface OpenNTPD should listen on. This will typically be the “LAN” interface. When complete select “Save.” The OpenNTPD server will start immediately, however there may a delay of several minutes before it is ready to service NTP requests as it must first ensure that its own time is accurate. That’s all there is to it. You’ll find the OpenNTPD logs under by selecting the ‘NTP” tab under Status->System Logs->NTP.

Configure Hosts

Windows

After configuring the OpenNTPD server in pfSense, let’s configure a Windows host to synchronize its local clock to this server. Right-click on the time (usually located in the lower right corner of the desktop) and select “Adjust date/time.” Select the “Internet Time” tab, then select “Change settings.” Check the “Synchronize with an Internet time server” box, enter the host name or IP address of the pfSense machine, then select “Update now.” It’s not uncommon to get error message the first time you attempt to update. Wait a few seconds and try again; you should receive a “The clock was successfully synchronized…” message.

Linux

Many Linux distributions feature two utilities to help the local clock maintain its accuracy: ntpdate and/or ntpd (Note: Linux systems using systemd-timesyncd are discussed below). The ntpdate utility is typically included in Linux distributions as a default package, but if yours does not you can install it using your distribution’s package manager, for example:

sudo apt-get install ntpdate

1	sudo apt-get install ntpdate

ntpdate typically runs once at boot time and will synchronize the local clock with a default NTP server defined by the distribution. However what if this machine isn’t rebooted often, say in the case of a server for example? And what about using the OpenNTPD server in the pfSense machine? We can address both of those issues by occasionally running ntpdate using the following command. For this and subsequent examples we’ll assume the IP address assigned to the LAN interface in the pfSense machine is 192.168.1.1:

sudo ntpdate 192.168.1.1

1	sudo ntpdate 192.168.1.1

Perhaps a more effective approach though is to use cron, a utility that allows tasks to be automatically run in the background at regular intervals by the cron daemon. These tasks are typically referred to as “cron jobs.” A “crontab” is a file which contains one or more cron job entries to be run at specified times. You can create a new crontab (or edit an exiting one) using the command crontab -e under your user account. Because ntpdate needs to be run by the system’s root user we’ll create the crontab using the command sudo crontab -e. Here’s some example cron job entries using the ntpdate command. Note that cron will attempt to email to the user the output of the commands it runs. To silence this, you can redirect the command output to /dev/null:

#Run ntpdate every 15 minutes
#*/15 * * * * /usr/sbin/ntpdate 192.168.1.1 >> /dev/null 2>&1

#Run ntpdate every 30 minutes
#*/30 * * * * /usr/sbin/ntpdate 192.168.1.1 >> /dev/null 2>&1

#Run ntpdate at the top of every hour
# 0 * * * * /usr/sbin/ntpdate 192.168.1.1 >> /dev/null 2>&1

#Run ntpdate every three hours at the top of each hour
0 */3 * * * /usr/sbin/ntpdate 192.168.1.1 >> /dev/null 2>&1

#Run ntpdate every six hours at the top of each hour
#0 */6 * * * /usr/sbin/ntpdate 192.168.1.1 >> /dev/null 2>&1

#Run ntpdate every 15 minutes

#*/15 * * * * /usr/sbin/ntpdate 192.168.1.1 >> /dev/null 2>&1

#Run ntpdate every 30 minutes

#*/30 * * * * /usr/sbin/ntpdate 192.168.1.1 >> /dev/null 2>&1

#Run ntpdate at the top of every hour

# 0 * * * * /usr/sbin/ntpdate 192.168.1.1 >> /dev/null 2>&1

#Run ntpdate every three hours at the top of each hour

0 */3 * * * /usr/sbin/ntpdate 192.168.1.1 >> /dev/null 2>&1

#Run ntpdate every six hours at the top of each hour

#0 */6 * * * /usr/sbin/ntpdate 192.168.1.1 >> /dev/null 2>&1

While using ntpdate will certainly work well, the utility ntpd on the other hand is considerably more sophisticated. It continually runs, calculating the drift of the local clock and then adjusting its time on an ongoing basis by synchronizing with one or more NTP servers. By default ntpd acts as a NTP client, querying NTP servers to set the local clock, however it also can act as a NTP server, providing time service to other clients. Alas though, nothing is free, and using ntpd will result in yet one more system process that may not otherwise be running in your system, consuming both CPU and memory resources, albeit modestly.

Like ntpdate many Linux distributions include ntpd by default. If yours does not, you can install it using your distribution’s package manager, for example:

sudo apt-get install ntp

1	sudo apt-get install ntp

The installation process should add ntpd to the requisite run levels and start its daemon automatically. Now we need to configure it so that it acts as a NTP client only and not as a NTP server. After all, that’s what we’re going to use the pfSense machine for right?

ntpd is configured using the file /etc/ntp.conf. Open this file and comment out the existing ntp pool servers, then add the IP address assigned to the LAN interface on the pfSense machine. Again, we’ll assume this address is 192.168.1.1. Appending the “iburst” option to the address will provide for faster initial synchronisation. We’ll also want to comment out the NTP server-related options that allow the local machine to exchange time with other host devices on the network and interrogate the local NTP server. The remaining options can remain at their default settings:

# /etc/ntp.conf, configuration for ntpd; see ntp.conf(5) for help

driftfile /var/lib/ntp/ntp.drift


# Enable this if you want statistics to be logged.
#statsdir /var/log/ntpstats/

statistics loopstats peerstats clockstats
filegen loopstats file loopstats type day enable
filegen peerstats file peerstats type day enable
filegen clockstats file clockstats type day enable

# Specify one or more NTP servers.

# Use servers from the NTP Pool Project. Approved by Ubuntu Technical Board
# on 2011-02-08 (LP: #104525). See http://www.pool.ntp.org/join.html for
# more information.
#server 0.ubuntu.pool.ntp.org
#server 1.ubuntu.pool.ntp.org
#server 2.ubuntu.pool.ntp.org
#server 3.ubuntu.pool.ntp.org
server 192.168.1.1 iburst

# Use Ubuntu's ntp server as a fallback.
#server ntp.ubuntu.com

# Access control configuration; see /usr/share/doc/ntp-doc/html/accopt.html for
# details.  The web page <http://support.ntp.org/bin/view/Support/AccessRestrictions>
# might also be helpful.
#
# Note that "restrict" applies to both servers and clients, so a configuration
# that might be intended to block requests from certain clients could also end
# up blocking replies from your own upstream servers.

# By default, exchange time with everybody, but don't allow configuration.
#restrict -4 default kod notrap nomodify nopeer noquery
#restrict -6 default kod notrap nomodify nopeer noquery

# Local users may interrogate the ntp server more closely.
#restrict 127.0.0.1
#restrict ::1

# Clients from this (example!) subnet have unlimited access, but only if
# cryptographically authenticated.
#restrict 192.168.123.0 mask 255.255.255.0 notrust


# If you want to provide time to your local subnet, change the next line.
# (Again, the address is an example only.)
#broadcast 192.168.123.255

# If you want to listen to time broadcasts on your local subnet, de-comment the
# next lines.  Please do this only if you trust everybody on the network!
#disable auth
#broadcastclient

# /etc/ntp.conf, configuration for ntpd; see ntp.conf(5) for help

driftfile /var/lib/ntp/ntp.drift

# Enable this if you want statistics to be logged.

#statsdir /var/log/ntpstats/

statistics loopstats peerstats clockstats

filegen loopstats file loopstats type day enable

filegen peerstats file peerstats type day enable

filegen clockstats file clockstats type day enable

# Specify one or more NTP servers.

# Use servers from the NTP Pool Project. Approved by Ubuntu Technical Board

# on 2011-02-08 (LP: #104525). See http://www.pool.ntp.org/join.html for

# more information.

#server 0.ubuntu.pool.ntp.org

#server 1.ubuntu.pool.ntp.org

#server 2.ubuntu.pool.ntp.org

#server 3.ubuntu.pool.ntp.org

server 192.168.1.1 iburst

# Use Ubuntu's ntp server as a fallback.

#server ntp.ubuntu.com

# Access control configuration; see /usr/share/doc/ntp-doc/html/accopt.html for

# details. The web page <http://support.ntp.org/bin/view/Support/AccessRestrictions>

# might also be helpful.

# Note that "restrict" applies to both servers and clients, so a configuration

# that might be intended to block requests from certain clients could also end

# up blocking replies from your own upstream servers.

# By default, exchange time with everybody, but don't allow configuration.

#restrict -4 default kod notrap nomodify nopeer noquery

#restrict -6 default kod notrap nomodify nopeer noquery

# Local users may interrogate the ntp server more closely.

#restrict 127.0.0.1

#restrict ::1

# Clients from this (example!) subnet have unlimited access, but only if

# cryptographically authenticated.

#restrict 192.168.123.0 mask 255.255.255.0 notrust

# If you want to provide time to your local subnet, change the next line.

# (Again, the address is an example only.)

#broadcast 192.168.123.255

# If you want to listen to time broadcasts on your local subnet, de-comment the

# next lines. Please do this only if you trust everybody on the network!

#disable auth

#broadcastclient

A comment about the driftfile option: this file is used to store the local clock’s frequency offset. ntpd uses this file to automatically compensate for the local clock’s natural time drift, allowing it to maintain reasonably accurate time even if it cannot communicate with the pfSense machine for some period of time.

While not required, you can run the ntpdate command one time to fully synchronize the local clock with the OpenNTPD server in pfSense, then restart ntpd.

sudo /etc/init.d/ntp stop
sudo ntpdate 192.168.1.1
sudo /etc/init.d/ntp start

sudo /etc/init.d/ntp stop

sudo ntpdate 192.168.1.1

sudo /etc/init.d/ntp start

In recent Linux releases using systemd-timesyncd, timedatectl replaces ntpdate and timesyncd replaces the client portion of ntpd. By default timedatectl syncs the time by querying one or more NTP servers once on boot and later on uses socket activation to recheck once network connections become active. timesyncd on the other hand regularly queries the NTP server(s) to keep the time in sync. It also stores time updates locally, so that after reboots monotonically advances if applicable.

The NTP server(s) used to sync time for timedatectl and timesyncd from can be specified in /etc/systemd/timesyncd.conf. By default the system will rely upon the default NTP server(s) defined by the distribution and specified by FallbackNTP= in the “[Time]” section of the file. To use the OpenNTPD server in the pfSense machine, uncomment NTP= and append the IP address assigned to the LAN interface on the pfSense machine. Again, assuming this address is 192.168.1.1:

[Time]
NTP=192.168.1.1
#FallbackNTP=ntp.ubuntu.com

[Time]

NTP=192.168.1.1

#FallbackNTP=ntp.ubuntu.com

You can specify additional NTP servers by listing their host names or IP addresses separated by a space on these lines. Now run the following command:

timedatectl set-ntp yes

1	timedatectl set-ntp yes

The current status of time and time configuration via timedatectl and timesyncd can be checked with the command timedatectl status:

$ timedatectl status
	Local time: Tue 2017-04-25 17:41:04 EDT
	Universal time: Tue 2017-04-25 21:41:04 UTC
	RTC time: Tue 2017-04-25 21:41:04
	Time zone: America/New_York (EDT, -0400)
	Network time on: yes
	NTP synchronized: yes
	RTC in local TZ: no

$ timedatectl status

Local time: Tue 2017-04-25 17:41:04 EDT

Universal time: Tue 2017-04-25 21:41:04 UTC

RTC time: Tue 2017-04-25 21:41:04

Time zone: America/New_York (EDT, -0400)

Network time on: yes

NTP synchronized: yes

RTC in local TZ: no

FreeBSD

ntpdate and ntpd are installed in FreeBSD by default, however ntpd is not configured to start at boot time.

Similar to Linux, we can run ntpdate manually as root to synchronize with the OpenNTP server running in the pfSense machine. Again, we’ll assume 192.168.1.1 is the IP address assigned to the LAN interface on the pfSense machine.

ntpdate 192.168.1.1

1	ntpdate 192.168.1.1

ntpdate can also be made to run at boot time in FreeBSD by using the sysrc command to add the following lines to /etc/rc.conf:

sysrc ntpdate_enable=YES
sysrc ntpdate_hosts=192.168.1.1

1 2	sysrc ntpdate_enable=YES sysrc ntpdate_hosts=192.168.1.1

We can also use cron under FreeBSD to run ntpdate. You can create a new crontab (or edit an exiting one) using the command crontab -e as root. The example cron job entries provided above under Linux will also work under FreeBSD.

To enable ntpd under FreeBSD, open /etc/ntp.conf and comment out the existing ntp pool servers and add the IP address assigned to the LAN interface on the pfSense machine. The remaining options can remain at their default settings:

#
# The following three servers will give you a random set of three
# NTP servers geographically close to you.
# See http://www.pool.ntp.org/ for details. Note, the pool encourages
# users with a static IP and good upstream NTP servers to add a server
# to the pool. See http://www.pool.ntp.org/join.html if you are interested.
#
# The option `iburst' is used for faster initial synchronisation.
#
#server 0.freebsd.pool.ntp.org iburst
#server 1.freebsd.pool.ntp.org iburst
#server 2.freebsd.pool.ntp.org iburst
#server 3.freebsd.pool.ntp.org iburst
server 192.168.1.1 iburst

#
# If you want to pick yourself which country's public NTP server
# you want sync against, comment out the above servers, uncomment
# the next ones and replace CC with the country's abbreviation.
# Make sure that the hostnames resolve to a proper IP address!
#
# server 0.CC.pool.ntp.org iburst
# server 1.CC.pool.ntp.org iburst
# server 2.CC.pool.ntp.org iburst

#
# Security: Only accept NTP traffic from the following hosts.
# The following configuration example only accepts traffic from the
# above defined servers.
#
# Please note that this example doesn't work for the servers in
# the pool.ntp.org domain since they return multiple A records.
# (This is the reason that by default they are commented out)
#
#restrict default ignore
#restrict 0.pool.ntp.org nomodify nopeer noquery notrap
#restrict 1.pool.ntp.org nomodify nopeer noquery notrap
#restrict 2.pool.ntp.org nomodify nopeer noquery notrap
#restrict 127.0.0.1
#restrict -6 ::1
#restrict 127.127.1.0

#
# If a server loses sync with all upstream servers, NTP clients
# no longer follow that server. The local clock can be configured
# to provide a time source when this happens, but it should usually
# be configured on just one server on a network. For more details see
# http://support.ntp.org/bin/view/Support/UndisciplinedLocalClock
# The use of Orphan Mode may be preferable.
#
#server 127.127.1.0
#fudge 127.127.1.0 stratum 10

# The following three servers will give you a random set of three

# NTP servers geographically close to you.

# See http://www.pool.ntp.org/ for details. Note, the pool encourages

# users with a static IP and good upstream NTP servers to add a server

# to the pool. See http://www.pool.ntp.org/join.html if you are interested.

# The option `iburst' is used for faster initial synchronisation.

#server 0.freebsd.pool.ntp.org iburst

#server 1.freebsd.pool.ntp.org iburst

#server 2.freebsd.pool.ntp.org iburst

#server 3.freebsd.pool.ntp.org iburst

server 192.168.1.1 iburst

# If you want to pick yourself which country's public NTP server

# you want sync against, comment out the above servers, uncomment

# the next ones and replace CC with the country's abbreviation.

# Make sure that the hostnames resolve to a proper IP address!

# server 0.CC.pool.ntp.org iburst

# server 1.CC.pool.ntp.org iburst

# server 2.CC.pool.ntp.org iburst

# Security: Only accept NTP traffic from the following hosts.

# The following configuration example only accepts traffic from the

# above defined servers.

# Please note that this example doesn't work for the servers in

# the pool.ntp.org domain since they return multiple A records.

# (This is the reason that by default they are commented out)

#restrict default ignore

#restrict 0.pool.ntp.org nomodify nopeer noquery notrap

#restrict 1.pool.ntp.org nomodify nopeer noquery notrap

#restrict 2.pool.ntp.org nomodify nopeer noquery notrap

#restrict 127.0.0.1

#restrict -6 ::1

#restrict 127.127.1.0

# If a server loses sync with all upstream servers, NTP clients

# no longer follow that server. The local clock can be configured

# to provide a time source when this happens, but it should usually

# be configured on just one server on a network. For more details see

# http://support.ntp.org/bin/view/Support/UndisciplinedLocalClock

# The use of Orphan Mode may be preferable.

#server 127.127.1.0

#fudge 127.127.1.0 stratum 10

Now use sysrc to add the following two lines to /etc/rc.conf. The first line enables ntpd. The second tells the system to perform a one time sync at boot time:

sysrc ntpd_enable=YES
sysrc ntpd_sync_on_start=YES

1 2	sysrc ntpd_enable=YES sysrc ntpd_sync_on_start=YES

Run the ntpdate command one time to synchronize the local clock with the OpenNTPD server in pfSense, then start ntpd.

ntpdate 192.168.1.1
service ntpd start

1 2	ntpdate 192.168.1.1 service ntpd start

Conclusion

This concludes the post on how to how to configure your pfSense machine to also act as a NTP server. The OpenNTPD service in pfSense will listen for requests from FreeBSD, Linux and Windows hosts and allow them to synchronize their local clock with that of the OpenNTPD server in pfsense. Using pfSense as a NTP server in your network ensures that your hosts always have consistent accurate time and reduces the load on the Internet’s NTP servers. Configuring Windows hosts to utilize this server is straightforward, while configuration under FreeBSD and Linux requires a bit more work.

References

Buechler, C.M. & Pingle, J. (2009). pfSense: The definitive guide. USA: Reed Media

http://www.openntpd.org/

http://www.pool.ntp.org/en/

http://www.ntp.org/documentation.html

http://support.ntp.org/bin/view/Support/WebHome

http://www.marksanborn.net/linux/learning-cron-by-example/

https://help.ubuntu.com/community/CronHowto

https://help.ubuntu.com/lts/serverguide/NTP.html

BSD

Configure FreeNAS To Be Your Subversion Repository

Recently I had the pleasure of building a Network Attached Storage (“NAS”) server based on FreeNAS. Since then, this device has more than fulfilled my initial requirements for reliable file storage and media server in my network. In a previous post, I described how I configured FreeNAS to store web files and serve as a document root for the Apache http server implemented in my Ubuntu server. Using a similar approach, this post will describe how I configured FreeNAS to host my Subversion (“svn”) repository.

Software versions used in this post were as follows:

FreeNAS v0.7.1 Shere (revision 5127)
Ubuntu Server v10.04 LTS (x64)
Subversion 1.6.6dfsg-2ubuntu1
nfs-common v1:1.2.0-4ubuntu4
portmap v6.0.0-1ubuntu2

Configuring the FreeNAS Server

I began by creating the directory svn on /mnt/files, an existing mount point on my FreeNAS server. This directory would serve as the location for my svn repository. Then I enabled the Network File System (“NFS”) service so that /mnt/files/svn could be accessed from the Ubuntu server. To do this, navigate to Services->NFS->Settings and make sure that the check box for enabling NFS is checked and specify the number of servers that will run (the default value of four should easily handle dozens of users). Now select “Save and Restart.” Next, navigate to Services->NFS->Shares and select the “+” icon, where you are presented with the configuration screen for creating a new NFS share. Enter the path to be shared; the network that is authorized to access this shared path; and, make sure that the “All dirs” checkbox selected. The remaining options can retain their defaults (See Figure 1). Now select “Add” then “Apply changes.”

Figure 1

Configuring the Ubuntu Server

In order to mount the NFS shared path without error, I needed to add a couple of packages. The nfs-common package is needed when a host acts as an NFS client, and includes a number of processes that ensure a particular NFS connection is allowed and may proceed. Also, because NFS relies upon remote procedure calls to function, the package portmap is needed in order to map RPC requests to the NFS service:

sudo apt-get install nfs-common portmap

1	sudo apt-get install nfs-common portmap

After these requisite packages were added, I created a directory to mount the NFS shared path. In this command, you must include the IP address of the FreeNAS server as well as the path to the directory created on it previously:

sudo mkdir /media/svn 
sudo mount 192.168.10.5:/mnt/files/svn /media/svn

1 2	sudo mkdir /media/svn sudo mount 192.168.10.5:/mnt/files/svn /media/svn

Then I made sure the permissions for this directory were set correctly:

sudo chmod 755 /media/svn

1	sudo chmod 755 /media/svn

Next, I added the following lines to /etc/fstab in order for the shared path to mount automatically at boot time:

###Start iceflatline

#Mount the FreeNAS directory /mnt/files/svn for use as a Subversion repository
192.168.10.5:/mnt/files/svn /media/svn nfs defaults 0 0

###End iceflatline

###Start iceflatline

#Mount the FreeNAS directory /mnt/files/svn for use as a Subversion repository

192.168.10.5:/mnt/files/svn /media/svn nfs defaults 0 0

###End iceflatline

Then I installed Subversion. The Subversion package for Ubuntu includes the Subversion client, tools to create a Subversion repository (svnadmin), and a custom protocol to make the repository I create on FreeNAS available over my network (svnserve):

sudo apt-get install subversion

1	sudo apt-get install subversion

And created an svn repository at the root of the shared path:

svnadmin create /media/svn

1	svnadmin create /media/svn

Next, I removed anonymous access to the repository and established write privileges for authenticated users. To do this, open /media/svn/conf/svnserve.conf and uncomment the following lines (Note: The svnserve.conf file is sensitive to white spaces, so make sure to not leave a space preceding the line when removing the hash (#) symbol):

anon-access = none
auth-access = write
password-db = passwd

anon-access = none

auth-access = write

password-db = passwd

Then I added myself as an authenticated user to the /media/svn/conf/passwd file:

# harry = harryssecret
# sally = sallyssecret
iceflatline = <my password>

# harry = harryssecret

# sally = sallyssecret

iceflatline = <my password>

I plan to use svn’s custom protocol for access to the repository so I need to start the svn server. One way to start it is to use the svnserve command:

svnserve -d -r /media/svn

1	svnserve -d -r /media/svn

However, I wanted the svn server to start up at boot time, as well as have stop and restart capabilities while it was running, so I created the following simple init script:

#! /bin/sh
### BEGIN INIT INFO
# Provides:          svnserve
# Required-Start:    
# Required-Stop:     
# Default-Start:     2 3 4 5
# Default-Stop:      0 1 6
# Short-Description: svnserve init script
# Description:       This file is used to start, stop, restart, 
#					 and determine status of the svn server daemon.
# Author: 			 iceflatline <iceflatline@gmail.com>
### END INIT INFO

### START OF SCRIPT
set -e
# PATH should only include /usr/* if it runs after the mountnfs.sh script
PATH=/sbin:/usr/sbin:/bin:/usr/bin
DESC="svnserve"
NAME=svnserve
DAEMON=/usr/bin/$NAME
# Make sure the path in DAEMON_ARGS 
# reflects the location of the svn repository
DAEMON_ARGS="-d -r /media/svn"
SCRIPTNAME=/etc/init.d/$NAME

# Exit if the subversion package is not installed
[ -x "$DAEMON" ] || exit 0

# Load the VERBOSE setting and other rcS variables
. /lib/init/vars.sh

# Define LSB log_* functions.
# Depend on lsb-base (>= 3.0-6) to ensure that this file is present.
. /lib/lsb/init-functions

# The function that starts the svnserve daemon
start() {
	start-stop-daemon --start --quiet \
	--exec $DAEMON -- $DAEMON_ARGS 
}

# The function that stops the svnserve daemon
stop() {
	start-stop-daemon --stop --quiet --retry=TERM/30/KILL/5 \
	--exec $DAEMON 
}

case "$1" in
  start)
	log_daemon_msg "Starting $DESC" 
	start
	case "$?" in
		0) log_end_msg 0 ;;
		1) log_end_msg 1 ;;
	esac
	;;
  stop)
	log_daemon_msg "Stopping $DESC"
	stop
	case "$?" in
		0) log_end_msg 0 ;;
		1) log_end_msg 1 ;;
	esac
	;;
  restart|force-reload)
	log_daemon_msg "Restarting $DESC" 
	stop
	case "$?" in
	  0|1)
		start
		case "$?" in
			0) log_end_msg 0 ;;
			1) log_end_msg 1 ;; 
		esac
		;;
	esac
	;;
	status)
    status_of_proc "$DAEMON" "$NAME"  
    ;;
  *)
	echo "Usage: $SCRIPTNAME {start|stop|status|restart|force-reload}" 
	;;
esac
exit 0
### END OF SCRIPT

#! /bin/sh

### BEGIN INIT INFO

# Provides: svnserve

# Required-Start:

# Required-Stop:

# Default-Start: 2 3 4 5

# Default-Stop: 0 1 6

# Short-Description: svnserve init script

# Description: This file is used to start, stop, restart,

# and determine status of the svn server daemon.

# Author: iceflatline <iceflatline@gmail.com>

### END INIT INFO

### START OF SCRIPT

set -e

# PATH should only include /usr/* if it runs after the mountnfs.sh script

PATH=/sbin:/usr/sbin:/bin:/usr/bin

DESC="svnserve"

NAME=svnserve

DAEMON=/usr/bin/$NAME

# Make sure the path in DAEMON_ARGS

# reflects the location of the svn repository

DAEMON_ARGS="-d -r /media/svn"

SCRIPTNAME=/etc/init.d/$NAME

# Exit if the subversion package is not installed

[ -x "$DAEMON" ] || exit 0

# Load the VERBOSE setting and other rcS variables

. /lib/init/vars.sh

# Define LSB log_* functions.

# Depend on lsb-base (>= 3.0-6) to ensure that this file is present.

. /lib/lsb/init-functions

# The function that starts the svnserve daemon

start() {

start-stop-daemon --start --quiet \

--exec $DAEMON -- $DAEMON_ARGS

}

# The function that stops the svnserve daemon

stop() {

start-stop-daemon --stop --quiet --retry=TERM/30/KILL/5 \

--exec $DAEMON

}

case "$1" in

start)

log_daemon_msg "Starting $DESC"

start

case "$?" in

0) log_end_msg 0 ;;

1) log_end_msg 1 ;;

esac

;;

stop)

log_daemon_msg "Stopping $DESC"

stop

case "$?" in

0) log_end_msg 0 ;;

1) log_end_msg 1 ;;

esac

;;

restart|force-reload)

log_daemon_msg "Restarting $DESC"

stop

case "$?" in

0|1)

start

case "$?" in

0) log_end_msg 0 ;;

1) log_end_msg 1 ;;

esac

;;

esac

;;

status)

status_of_proc "$DAEMON" "$NAME"

;;

echo "Usage: $SCRIPTNAME {start|stop|status|restart|force-reload}"

;;

esac

exit 0

### END OF SCRIPT

To use the script, I saved it to my home directory as svnserve and made it executable. Then moved it to /etc/init.d:

cd ~ 
chmod +x svnserve 
sudo mv svnserve /etc/init.d/

cd ~

chmod +x svnserve

sudo mv svnserve /etc/init.d/

Then added the svnserve script to all of Ubuntu server’s multi-user run levels (2-5) and started the svn server:

sudo update-rc.d svnserve defaults && sudo /etc/init.d/svnserve start

1	sudo update-rc.d svnserve defaults && sudo /etc/init.d/svnserve start

Now, if for some reason the Ubuntu server is rebooted, the svn server will fire up automatically.

With the svn server now running, I created a root-level directory in subversion for a project called “code”:

svn mkdir svn://192.168.10.5/code

1	svn mkdir svn://192.168.10.5/code

After creating the project in subversion I can now use the standard svn commands or applications such Tortoise, RapidSVN and others to checkout the project or otherwise interact with the repository.

Conclusion

This concludes the post on how to configure a FreeNAS server for use as an svn repository. Sure, I could have installed the subversion package directly on FreeBSD, the underlying operating system for FreeNAS, but that approach adds processes that are not native to the FreeNAS implementation. By using the approach outlined in this post, I was able to place the repository on a solid, reliable and centralized storage system, and provide good logical and physical separation between the svn repository and the svn server functionality.

References

http://tldp.org/LDP/abs/html/abs-guide.html

https://help.ubuntu.com/community/Subversion

BSD

Configure FreeNAS To Store Your Apache Web Files

(20140208 – This post has been amended to provided an updated version of the Apache directive — iceflatline)

Over this past summer I had the pleasure of cobbling together a few spare parts in order to build a Network Attached Storage (“NAS”) box based on FreeNAS. This device has more than fulfilled my initial requirements for reliable file storage and media server in my network. This post will describe how I configured this FreeNAS box to store web files and serve as a document root for the Apache http server implemented in my Ubuntu server. This approach places my local web files on a solid, reliable and centralized RAID 5 disk storage system, and provides good logical and physical separation between file storage and file server functionality.

The versions for the software used in this post were as follows:

FreeNAS v0.7.1 Shere (revision 5127)
Ubuntu Server v10.04 LTS (x64)
Apache v2.1.14
nfs-common v1:1.2.0-4ubuntu4
portmap v6.0.0-1ubuntu2

Configuring the FreeNAS Server

I began by creating the directory www on /mnt/files, an existing mount point. This directory would serve as my new Apache document root. Then, I enabled the Network File System (“NFS”) service in FreeNAS so that /mnt/files/www could be accessed from the Ubuntu server. To do this, navigate to Services->NFS->Settings and make sure that the check box for enabling NFS is checked and specify the number of servers that will run (the default value of four should easily handle dozens of users). Now select “Save and Restart.” Next, navigate to Services->NFS->Shares and select the “+” icon, where you are presented with the configuration screen for creating a new NFS share. Enter the path to be shared; the network that is authorized to access this shared path; and, make sure that the “All dirs” checkbox selected. The remaining options can retain their defaults (See Figure 1). Now select “Add” then “Apply changes.”

Figure 1

Configuring the Ubuntu Server

To configure the Ubuntu server I needed to add a couple of packages in order to mount the NFS shared path without error. The nfs-common package is needed when a host acts as an NFS client, and includes a number of processes that ensure a particular NFS connection is allowed and may proceed. Because NFS relies upon remote procedure calls to function, the package portmap is also needed to map RPC requests to the NFS service:

sudo apt-get install nfs-common portmap

1	sudo apt-get install nfs-common portmap

Next, I created a directory so I could mount the NFS shared path. Here you must include the IP address of the FreeNAS server as well as the directory created on it previously:

sudo mkdir /media/www 
sudo mount 192.168.10.5:/mnt/files/www /media/www

1 2	sudo mkdir /media/www sudo mount 192.168.10.5:/mnt/files/www /media/www

In order for the shared path to mount automatically at boot time, I added the following lines to the /etc/fstab file:

###Start iceflatline

#Mount the FreeNAS directory /mnt/file/www for use as an Apache document root
192.168.10.5:/mnt/files/www /media/www nfs defaults 0 0

###End iceflatline

###Start iceflatline

#Mount the FreeNAS directory /mnt/file/www for use as an Apache document root

192.168.10.5:/mnt/files/www /media/www nfs defaults 0 0

###End iceflatline

I made sure the directory permissions were set correctly, and modified the owner and group associated with /media/www so that the Apache http server could access it:

sudo chmod 755 /media/www
sudo chown www-data -R /media/www
sudo chgrp www-data -R /media/www

sudo chmod 755 /media/www

sudo chown www-data -R /media/www

sudo chgrp www-data -R /media/www

Then edited the /etc/apache2/apache2.conf file, adding an alias for /media/www and a directory directive to the end of the file:

###Start iceflatline

#Alias and directive for FreeNAS directory /mnt/file/www
Alias /www “/media/www”
<Directory “/media/www”>
Options None
AllowOverride None
Require all granted
</Directory>

###End iceflatline

###Start iceflatline

#Alias and directive for FreeNAS directory /mnt/file/www

Alias /www “/media/www”

Options None

AllowOverride None

Require all granted

</Directory>

###End iceflatline

I created an index.html file and moved it to /media/www to test the above configuration, and made sure the file permissions were set correctly:

<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 3.2//EN">
<html>
  <body>
    <h1>
      The FreeNAS document root works!
    </h1>
  </body>
</html>

<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 3.2//EN">

<html>

<body>

<h1>

The FreeNAS document root works!

</h1>

</body>

</html>

sudo chmod 644 /media/www/index.html

1	sudo chmod 644 /media/www/index.html

Finally, I restarted the Apache http server:

sudo /etc/init.d/apache2 restart

1	sudo /etc/init.d/apache2 restart

Conclusion

This concludes the post on how to configure a FreeNAS server as an Apache document root, providing a reliable way to store your web files, while at the same time utilizing the Ubuntu and Apache servers for what they do best – serving up those files.